D. Answer the following questions in brief:
1. What is meant by the term amitraghata ?
2. What were the taxes used for?
3. Describe the development of art and architecture under the Mauryas.
4. Who was Chandragupta Maurya? How did he ascend the throne?
5. When is the Kalinga war fought? Why did Ashoka fight this war?
6. What was the extent of the Mauryan Empire?
Answers
Answer:
1. Greek sources refer to him as Amitrochates, Greek for the Sanskrit amitraghata (“destroyer of foes”). The name perhaps reflects his successful campaign in the Deccan. Chandragupta—Bindusara's father and founder of the Mauryan empire—had already conquered northern India.
2. Greeks paid indirect taxes in two forms—customs duties and excise taxes. Customs duties were fees for traveling or carrying goods into and out of the state. They included harbor fees and gate tolls.
3. Mainly in the period of Ashoka, the art and architecture was at its zenith and fall within the category of court art. ... Ashoka embraced Buddhism and the immense Buddhist missionary activities that followed encouraged the development of distinct sculptural and architectural styles.
4. He ascended the throne after defeating the Nandas who were the rulers of the Nanda Empire in India. EXPLANATION: Chandragupta Maurya is said to be first great ruler of India because it was under his rule that for the first time nearly whole of India and also the areas of Sindh, Afghanistan, etc was under his rule.
5. The Kalinga War was a war fought between the Mauryan Empire and the state of Kalinga. Kalinga was an important kingdom because it controlled the trade routes with Southeast Asia. Because of this, Ashoka, the Mauryan king, wanted to capture it. Therefore he lead his huge army to Kalinga in 261 BC.
6. The Mauryan Empire (322 BCE - 185 BCE) supplanted the earlier Magadha Kingdom to assume power over large tracts of eastern and northern India. At its height, the empire stretched over parts of modern Iran and almost the entire Indian subcontinent, barring only the southern peninsular tip
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