define psychology.discuss the various schools of psychology.
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“When psychology first emerged as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The different schools of psychology represent the major theories within psychology.
“The first school of thought, structuralism, was advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab, . Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for dominance in psychology.
“In the past, psychologists often identified themselves exclusively with one single school of thought. Today, most psychologists have an eclectic outlook on psychology. They often draw on ideas and theories from different schools rather than holding to any singular perspective.” See in
Nowadays, no scientific psychologist would ever claim to be a Structuralist, Functionalist, or Psychoanalyst. These have fallen by the wayside because they could not meet the modern requirements for scientific research, primarily of arriving at for their research variables and for their theories. (However, Psychoanalysis is still practiced as a therapy.)
dominated American psychology, reaching a peak around the ’50s and ’60s (the era of and , and the infamous ), and still tends to pronounce on the methodological requirements and the quality of all American psychological research. However, the European movement has continued to make inroads, especially with respect to methodology. And, early on and since, and Ethology were quick to point out the gaps in Behaviorism’s theories and methodology. However, these latter two movements were almost exclusively a European effort, and has tended to remain so; and Gestalt Psychology is today much less influential.
was by and large an American reaction to “radical” behaviorism. Behaviorism saw the data of psychology as being pretty much limited to and , and “radical” behaviorism tended to deny (or at least down-play) anything in between (they especially loved to deny that there could be any scientific theory of ‘mind’). But, the rise of computer models of human behavior (which cognitive psychologists and others have tended to exploit), which could simulate postulated in-between psychological factors, and the concomitant rise of neuropsychology, which physically identified some of the in-between psychological factors with definite neurological structures of the CNS, pretty much put paid to “radical” behaviorism. Cognitive Psychology is probably the dominant school of psychology today; but virtually all practicing are eclectic— tending to draw their theories from no single school of psychology.
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