Question

Define rusting along with an example and the equation for that example

Answer 1

Answer:

Oxidation of iron[edit]. When iron is in contact with water and oxygen it rusts. If salt is present, for example in seawater ...

Answer 2

Answer:

Rusting of iron refers to the formation of rust, a mixture of iron oxides, on the surface of iron objects or structures. This rust is formed from a redox reaction between oxygen and iron in an environment containing water (such as air containing high levels of moisture). The rusting of iron is characterized by the formation of a layer of a red, flaky substance that easily crumbles into a powder.

This phenomenon is a great example of the corrosion of metals, where the surfaces of metals are degraded into more chemically stable oxides. However, the term ‘rusting’ is generally used to refer to the corrosion of objects made of iron or iron-alloys.

Oxygen is a very good oxidizing agent whereas iron is a reducing agent. Therefore, the iron atom readily gives up electrons when exposed to oxygen. The chemical reaction is given by:

Fe → Fe2+ + 2e–

The oxidation state of iron is further increased by the oxygen atom when water is present.

4Fe2+ + O2 → 4Fe3+ + 2O2-

Now, the following acid-base reactions occur between the iron cations and the water molecules.

Fe2+ + 2H2O ⇌ Fe(OH)2 + 2H+

Fe3+ + 3H2O ⇌ Fe(OH)3 + 3H+

The hydroxides of iron are also formed from the direct reaction between the iron cations and hydroxide ions.

O2 + H2O + 4e– → 4OH–

Fe2+ + 2OH– → Fe(OH)2

Fe3+ + 3OH– → Fe(OH)3

The resulting hydroxides of iron now undergo dehydration to yield the iron oxides that constitute rust. This process involves many chemical reactions, some of which are listed below.

Fe(OH)2 ⇌ FeO + H2O

4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + xH2O → 2Fe2O3.(x+4)H2O

Fe(OH)3 ⇌ FeO(OH) + H2O

FeO(OH) ⇌ Fe2O3 + H2O

One similarity between all the chemical reactions listed above is that all of them are dependent on the presence of water and oxygen. Therefore, the rusting of iron can be controlled by limiting the amount of oxygen and water surrounding the metal.

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