Define Society Skill and write about social structure and development of sympathy and empathy?
Answers
empathy is a term used for the ability to understand other people's feelings as if we were having them ourselves sympathy refers to the ability to take part in someone else feelings mostly by filling sorrowful about their misfortune.
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Answer:
ympathy
Adam Smith . In the sense that there were “poets before Homer and kings before Agamemnon,” there were social philosophers before Adam Smith who had used the concept of sympathy, but within modern times Smith was the first person to define sympathy with some degree of precision and to use it in a systematic manner. In his two major works, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) and Wealth of Nations (1776), Smith developed a distinction between the inner, psychological states of man and the institutional, or legal, aspects of his relationships. In The Theory of Moral Sentiments Smith was concerned with the nature of morality and the theory of moral motivation; in the Wealth of Nations he was concerned with an objective analysis of the institutional aspects of virtue, especially prudence. The Wealth of Nations was not, as some have maintained, based upon a psychology of individualism; therefore it is ironic that, notwithstanding his moral concerns, Smith’s major works should have contributed in such a singular manner to nineteenth-century, laissez-faire individualism.
Adam Smith began his discussion “On the Propriety of Action” with the observation that “How selfish soever man may be supposed, there are evidently some principles in his nature which interest him in the fortune of others and render their happiness necessary to him, though he derives nothing from it . . .” ([1759] 1948, p. 73). Upon the basis of this “unselfish interest in the fortune of others,” Smith provided the classic description of sympathy. It is, he wrote, “by changing places in fancy with the sufferer, that we come either to conceive or to be affected by what he feels . . .” ([1759] 1948, p. 74). There are certain emotions, like grief and joy, which arouse sympathy merely when they are perceived in others. But, in general, we are more easily moved to sympathy when the occasion that arouses the emotion is known. On the other hand, there are passions whose expression excites us with no sympathy until we are first acquainted with the condition that provokes them. Furious retaliation, even in righteous anger, may make us exasperated with the victim rather than with the wrongdoer until we know its provocation. This complication, in the otherwise simple tendency to “change places in fancy with the sufferer,” seems to depend, according to Smith, upon the degree of social involvement and the intrusion of cognitive elements into an otherwise affective tendency. Grief and joy are terminable in the person himself; resentment, by contrast, raises concerns about the rights of others and thus dampens feelings of sympathy.
Theory of social control. This consideration led Adam Smith quite naturally into an incipient theory of social control, which is worth stating briefly because it illustrates his systematic extension of the concept of sympathy. When the expressions of emotion in a person are in reasonable concord with the sympathetic emotions of an “impartial spectator,” they appear to the latter as just and proper; but, if the impartial spectator, “upon bringing the case home to himself,” finds the expressions of passion inordinate and inappropriate, he cannot sympathize with them. In any case there is a disparity between the passions of the persons and the sympathetic emotions of the impartial spectator, for they are affected unequally. In order to understand the person, the impartial spectator
put[s] himself in the situation of the other and . . . bring[s] home to himself every little circumstance of distress which can possibly occur to the sufferer. He must adopt the whole case of his companion, with all its minutest incidents, and strive to render as perfect as possible that imaginary change of situation upon which his sympathy is founded. (Smith [1759] 1948, pp. 84-85)