Define streamline flow and turbullant flow of liquid with examples
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Streamline Flow
Swan, C.
DOI: 10.1615/AtoZ.s.streamline_flow
A streamline flow or laminar flow is defined as one in which there are no turbulent velocity fluctuations. In consequence, the only agitation of the fluid particles occurs at a molecular level. In this case the fluid flow can be represented by a streamline pattern defined within an Eulerian description of the flow field. These streamlines are drawn such that, at any instant in time, the tangent to the streamline at any one point in space is aligned with the instantaneous velocity vector at that point. In a steady flow, this streamline pattern is identical to the flow-lines or path-lines which describe the trajectory of the fluid particles within a Lagrangian description of the flow field, whereas in an unsteady flow this equivalence does not arise.
The definition of a streamline is such that at one instant in time streamlines cannot cross; if one streamline forms a closed curve, this represents a boundary across which fluid particles cannot pass. Although a streamline has no associated cross-sectional area, adjacent streamlines may be used to define a so-called streamtube. This concept is widely used in fluid mechanics since the flow within a given streamtube may be treated as if it is isolated from the surrounding flow. As a result, the conservation equations may be applied to the flow within a given streamtube, and consequently the streamline pattern provides considerable insight into the velocity and pressure changes. For example, if the streamlines describing an incompressible fluid flow converge (i.e. the cross-sectional area of the streamtube contracts), this implies that the velocity increases and the associated pressure.
Figures 1a and 1b describe two well known examples of streamline flow. These and other cases are further examined by Batchlor (1967) and Duncan et al. (1970).
Streamline flow and turbulent flow are different types of flow of a fluid:
- Velocity: The velocity of the fluid with a streamlined flow is steady and each particle has the same velocity while crossing a particular point. Whereas, in a fluid with turbulent flow, the velocity of the fluid is unsteady as well as the particles have different velocities while crossing a particular point.
- Critical velocity: The velocity of a fluid in a streamlined flow is less than the critical velocity. Whereas the velocity of a fluid with a turbulent flow is greater than the critical velocity.
- Mixing of layers: Mixing of layers does not happen in streamlined flow but, it does in a turbulent flow.
Examples: Water moving slowly out of a pipe is an example of a streamlined flow, whereas water flowing in a river is an example of a turbulent flow.
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