Question

define water wheel METHOD of irrigation- a traditional irrigation method

Answer 1

Traditional Methods of Irrigation

These are the methods of irrigation that were used in the earlier years. Even today some small farms in rural areas adopt these. Although they are cheaper than the modern methods, they are not nearly as efficient. They require human or animal labour to function. Some of these methods are,

1. Moat

Also called the pulley system, it involves pulling up water from a well or other such source to irrigate the land. It is an extremely time consuming and labour intensive system, but it is very cost efficient. Also, wastage of water is avoided when using a moat system of irrigation.

2. Chain pump

A chain pump consists of two large wheels connected by a chain. There are buckets attached to the chain. One part of the chain dips into the water source. As the wheel turns, the bucket picks up water. The chain later lifts them to the upper wheel where the water gets deposited into a source. And the empty bucket gets carried back down.

3. Dhekli

It is a system of drawing water from a well or such similar source. Here we tie a rope and bucket to a pole. At the other end, we tie a heavy stick or any other object as a counterbalance. And we use this pole to draw up water.

4. Rahat

So Rahat system of irrigation uses animal labour. Above the well, we tie a large wheel. An ox or cow would turn the wheel to draw the water from the well.

Modern Methods of Irrigation

These are more efficient systems of irrigation that were invented in the recent decades. These help us use water economically without wastage. Let us take a look at the two most important methods.

1. Drip System of Irrigation



The most commonly used method of irrigation these days is the drip method. They lay the pipes in rows near the crops or plants. These plastic pipes have holes in them. Water seeps from these holes drop by drop, hence the name drip irrigation. This is an extremely efficient method of irrigation as it reduces water wastage.

2. Sprinkler System



This system mimics the phenomenon of rain. Water is carried by pipes to central locations on the farm. Sprinklers placed here distribute the water across the fields. This is the most efficient method to irrigate the uneven land. Sprinkler system also provides the best coverage regardless of the size of the farm.

Answer 2

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The horizontal wheel has vanes protruding from a wooden rotor. A jet of water turns the rotor. In modern Europe the design was altered to use water moving axially, like air flowing through a pinwheel, creating a water turbine. Wheels with curved blades onto which the flow was directed axially are described in an Arabic treatise of the 9th century. A horizontal wheel turns a millstone directly.

The more powerful vertical wheels come in 2 designs: undershot and overshot. The former is a paddle wheel that turns under the impulse of water current. This technology requires gears to drive a typical millstone. When the levels of rivers fall in the dry season, and their flow diminishes, undershot wheels lose some of their power. In fact, if they are fixed to the banks of rivers, their paddles can end up above the water flow. One way this problem was mitigated was by mounting the water wheels on the abutments of bridges and taking advance of the flow there. Another common solution was provided by the ship mill, powered by undershot wheels mounted on the side of ships moored in midstream

The overshot wheel receives water from above, often from specially constructed channels; it adds the impetus of gravity to that of the current. An overshot wheel requires gears and an elevated stream of water.

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