Question

depiction of ozone layer over Antarctica

Answer 1

the ozone layer over Antarctica

Answer 2

The ozone layer in Antarctica

An ozone molecule consists of three oxygen atoms instead of the usual two. It exists only in the atmosphere in trace quantities. Ozone molecules are formed by the interaction of ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the sun with oxygen molecules: When an O2 molecule is split the two free oxygen atoms bond with other o2 molecules to form O3 molecules. Because UV radiation is intense at higher altitudes where the air is thinner it is in the stratosphere where most of the ozone is produced: Scientists have calculated that if the ozone layer was brought down to sea level it would be 3 mm thick, while in the Antarctic the ozone can be as low as 1 mm thick. Ozone in the stratosphere is being depleted by a variety of human-made gases with a ‘hole’ forming over Antarctica.

The ozone hole over Antarctica

By NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

The ozone hole is one of the largest impacts humans have had on Antarctica. From the 1940s to the 1990s rapid industrialisation and higher living standards have led to chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, halons and methyl bromide creating a ‘hole’ in the ozone over the Antarctic continent.

The ozone hole was detected by scientists when they compared the amount of ozone found in the early 1980s with measurements dating back to 1956. The hole was found to vary in size with the hole forming during the two months of September and October. Each winter a polar vortex forms in the stratosphere over Antarctica with temperatures plummeting to as low as – 85° Celsius in the lower atmosphere. At these low temperatures ice clouds form and act as sites where chlorine and bromine-containing chemicals are converted to compounds that destroy ozone.

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