Question

describe alternate routes of sugar catabolism ​

Answer 1

Alternate routes of sugar catabolism:

Pentose Phospahate Pathway

An alternative route for sugar catabolism is the pentose phosphate pathway, which reduces the coenzyme NADPH and produces pentose sugars such as ribose, the sugar component of nucleic acids.

Fructolysis Pathway:

Fructose degradation, also called fructolysis, runs mostly in the liver. In the first step, fructose is phosphorylated by fructokinase (1), which uses ATP as a cosubstrate. This yields fructose-1-phosphate. The latter is then cleaved by aldolase B (2). The products of this reaction are dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which is already a metabolite in glycolysis, and glyceraldehyde, which can enter glycolysis after phosphorylation by glyceraldehyde kinase (4).

Glyceraldehyde can alternately be utilized by conversion to glycerol and then to glycerol-1-phosphate. The latter is a substrate in the synthesis of triacylglycerol, that is, fat. Fructose and sucrose appear to promote obesity more strongly than equivalent amounts of starch or glucose, and it has been suggested that its utilization via glycerol-1-phosphate, with subsequent triacylglycerol synthesis, may be among the reasons.

Lactose and galactose

Lactose, a disaccharide of glucose and

galactose, is the major carbohydrate contained in milk. Like maltose and sucrose, it is cleaved at the brush border of the small intestine, and the monosaccharide fragments are absorbed and passed along to the liver. The enzyme that accomplishes the cleavage is lactase or, more precisely, β-galactosidase.

Answer 2

Answer:

ANSWER:-}

Starch is the most abundant carbohydrate in our diet, which makes glucose the most important dietary monosaccharide. However, our diet contains several other sugars in significant amounts. The guiding motif in the metabolism of these sugars is economy: instead of completely separate degradative pathways, there are short adapter pathways which merge into the main pathway of carbohydrate degradation, that is, glycolysis.

Lactose and sucrose are disaccharides. Degradation of both sugars begins with hydrolytic cleavage, which releases glucose and galactose or glucose and fructose, respectively. Fructose is also found in the diet as a monosaccharide. We already know how glucose is degraded, so we here only need to concern ourselves with the remaining monosaccharides. 

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