describe any three effort to struggle against the Apartheid system
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Protest and Persuasion
Mass demonstrations, marches;Public declarations such as The Freedom Charter, adopted at the Congress of the People, Kliptown, on 26 June 1955;Funeral marches and orations as occasions for protesting apartheid and remembering victims of repression, especially when demonstrations were banned;Alternative press and advertising;Affidavits as a way of circumventing censorship (e.g., the South African Catholic Bishops Conference used affidavits for a book, Police Conduct During Township Protests in 1984);Memorials and anniversaries (e.g., church bells rung and vigils were held to commemorate 1960 Sharpeville protestors shot by police, and Soweto Day was declared to commemorate the 1976 uprising);Lighting candles every night during the Christmas season;Music was a major feature of the South African movement—singing, dancing, and chanting freedom slogans was common;UN General Assembly Resolutions;A register of Artists, Actors and Others who have performed in South Africa was created as part of an international cultural boycott;Symbolic clothing: Green, black and gold clothing symbolizing the banned ANC, and was worn even in court during trials; Wearing ANC t-shirts; A black armband worn in Parliament by Independent MP Jan van Eck mourning 40 years of National Party rule;Naked protest parade of 200 men and women against an exhibition of electronic weaponry in 1982;“Services of witness” called by Archbishop Tutu inviting “banned” resisters to participate;University students in 1987 used chairs to form a profane word large enough to be read by a circling police helicopter (a photograph appeared in the Weekly Mail);Flag burning, replacing the South African flag with the ANC flag;Graffiti: political slogans in public places to circumvent censorship;Humor: protestors wearing “Stop the Call-up” t-shirts to protest conscription were ordered to stop building a sand castle on the beach, leading to jokes about such activities as subversiveReligious pilgrimages and worship services;“Keening”—public weeping and wailing by women outside the gates of parliament;Kneeling—marchers fell to their knees and begged the police to withdraw from their township; after negotiations, a woman leading the protest asked the crowd to turn back and the commanding officer withdrew his troops;Motorcades (e.g., buses, vans, and cars would drive into a city center during a boycott of white shops);Negotiations with political officials as pressure from international and domestic anti-apartheid forces reached its apex.
Mass demonstrations, marches;Public declarations such as The Freedom Charter, adopted at the Congress of the People, Kliptown, on 26 June 1955;Funeral marches and orations as occasions for protesting apartheid and remembering victims of repression, especially when demonstrations were banned;Alternative press and advertising;Affidavits as a way of circumventing censorship (e.g., the South African Catholic Bishops Conference used affidavits for a book, Police Conduct During Township Protests in 1984);Memorials and anniversaries (e.g., church bells rung and vigils were held to commemorate 1960 Sharpeville protestors shot by police, and Soweto Day was declared to commemorate the 1976 uprising);Lighting candles every night during the Christmas season;Music was a major feature of the South African movement—singing, dancing, and chanting freedom slogans was common;UN General Assembly Resolutions;A register of Artists, Actors and Others who have performed in South Africa was created as part of an international cultural boycott;Symbolic clothing: Green, black and gold clothing symbolizing the banned ANC, and was worn even in court during trials; Wearing ANC t-shirts; A black armband worn in Parliament by Independent MP Jan van Eck mourning 40 years of National Party rule;Naked protest parade of 200 men and women against an exhibition of electronic weaponry in 1982;“Services of witness” called by Archbishop Tutu inviting “banned” resisters to participate;University students in 1987 used chairs to form a profane word large enough to be read by a circling police helicopter (a photograph appeared in the Weekly Mail);Flag burning, replacing the South African flag with the ANC flag;Graffiti: political slogans in public places to circumvent censorship;Humor: protestors wearing “Stop the Call-up” t-shirts to protest conscription were ordered to stop building a sand castle on the beach, leading to jokes about such activities as subversiveReligious pilgrimages and worship services;“Keening”—public weeping and wailing by women outside the gates of parliament;Kneeling—marchers fell to their knees and begged the police to withdraw from their township; after negotiations, a woman leading the protest asked the crowd to turn back and the commanding officer withdrew his troops;Motorcades (e.g., buses, vans, and cars would drive into a city center during a boycott of white shops);Negotiations with political officials as pressure from international and domestic anti-apartheid forces reached its apex.
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