describe how the stone age man turns from food gatherer to food producer
Answers
The ways in which humans procure resources are not unlimited. Essentially, there are five major procurement patterns practiced in the world today:
Food collection
hunting and gathering
Food production
extensive agriculture
intensive agriculture
pastoralism
industrialism
Food Collection: Hunting and Gathering
People who practice a hunting and gathering subsistence strategy simply rely on whatever food is available in their local habitat, for the most part collecting various plant foods, hunting wild game, and fishing (where the environment permits).
They collect but they do not produce any food. For example, crops are not cultivated and animals are not kept for meat or milk. Hunters and gathers do and did modify the landscape to increase the amount of available food. One of the main ways hunters and gatherers modified their environment was through the use of burning. Today, only about 30,000 people make their living in this fashion.
Cultures of agriculturalists, having larger ecological footprints have pushed most hunters and gatherers out of the areas where plant food and game is abundant into the more marginal of the earth: the Arctic, arid deserts, and dense tropical rain forests.
Food Production: Terminology
Food Production: General term which covers types of domestication involving both plants and animals, each of which requires radically different practices.
Cultivation: Term refers to all types of plant culture, from slash-and-burn to growing crop trees. Terminological distinctions within the term cultivation are based on types on gardens maintained and means with which they are cultivated. Example: distinction between horticulture and agriculture
Horticulture: Refers to smaller-scale, garden-based cultivation, usually of a mixed variety of plant species, often with relatively simple tools.
Agriculture: This practice requires tools of greater complexity or higher energy in their manufacture and use, such as animal traction, etc.
Slash-and-burn: Strategy, normally horticultural, in which forest or bush land is cleared by chopping and burning the less useful wood species, planting in the ashes, harvesting for several years and then moving on to a new plot of land.
"Non-domestication" vs. "pre-domestication" cultivation: Cultivation of crops in some cases does not induce domestication. Example of such methods common among hunter-gatherers: beating the plants or reaping them when they are ripe. Therefore called "non-domestication cultivation." Other methods can induce the domestication of wild-type crops: uprooting or reaping grasses not ripe or nearly ripe using sickles. Therefore called "pre-domestication cultivation"
Animal Husbandry: Term refers to all types of animal rearing practices, ranging from chicken to cattle.
Pastoralism: Term normally used to refer to subsistence-oriented livestock production in which some animals or animal products are sold or bartered for food or other commodities, but family reproduction relies largely on the herds. Animals featured in this way of life vary according to regions and include cattle, sheep, goats, camels, horses.
Answer:
Life of Hunter Gatherer
The primitive man was a hunter gatherer. He used to hunt animals and gather fruits and other plant produce for food. The early man did not live at one place, rather used to move from one place to another. This means that the early man lived a nomadic life.
Reasons of Nomadic Life:
The food resource at a particular place was exhausted after some time. Hence, people were forced to move in search of a better place.
Moving from one place to another was also important for hunting. We know that animals also keep on moving from one place to another.
Most of the plants are seasonal. They bear fruits or seeds in a particular season. So, to get constant supply of fruits, roots, seeds, etc. people needed to be on move.
People also needed to move in search of water. You know that some rivers and ponds become dry during summer.
THE STONE AGE
You have read that hunter-gatherers lived during the prehistoric period. People in this age used stones for making tools. Due to this, this period is also called the Stone Age. The Stone Age is divided into three phases:
Palaeolithic or Old Stone Age
Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age
Neolithic or New Stone Age
Palaeolithic Age
The term ‘Palaeolithic’ is made up of two Greek words; ‘Palaeo’ and ‘Lithos’. The term ‘Palaeo’ means ‘Old’ and the term ‘Lithos’ means ‘Stone’. Hence, this period is also called the Old Stone Age. This period extends from 2 million years ago to 12,000 years ago. The tools from this period were crude and had no refinement.The tools in this figure were made about 10,000 years ago. These are much smaller and show better design. These tools are from the Mesolithic Age.
Apart from stones; bones and wood were also used for making tools and for many other purposes. What is remarkable about stone tools is that some of them are being still used in modern homes. For example; grinding stone is still used in many homes for grinding spices and for making flour.
Uses of Stone Tools:
For cutting meat and bones.
For scraping bark (from trees) and hide (from animals).
For chopping fruits and roots.
Some tools were attached to handles; made of wood or bone; to be used as axe or hammer
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