Question

Describe the all Notable Scholars and their contribution.

Answer 1

Answer:

Rene Descartes:

• René Descartes (1596-1650) : René Descartes was the foremost among scholars who insisted on verifying the reliability of historical documents by critically examining them.
• Among the rules given by him in his book, ‘Discourse on the method’, the following is supposed to have a great impact on the scientific method of research : Never to accept anything for true till all grounds of doubt are excluded.

Voltaire;

• Voltaire (1694-1778) : Voltaire’s original name was François-Marie Arouet. He was French.
• He opined that along with objective truth and chronology of historical events considering social traditions, trade, economy, agriculture, etc. was also equally important in historiography.
• It gave rise to the thought that understanding all aspects of human life is important for history writing.
• Thus, it is said that Voltaire was the founder of modern historiography.

Karl Marx;

• Karl Marx (1818-1883) : In the latter half of the nineteenth century a new school of thought arose keeping in view the new thesis formulated by Karl Marx.
• According to Karl Marx, history was not about abstract ideas; it was about living people.
• Human relationships are shaped by the fundamental needs of people and ownership as well as nature of prevalent means of production to meet those needs.
• The accessibility of these means to different strata of the society may not be equal. This inequality causes a division of the society into classes, leading to class struggle.
• According to Marx, human history is the history of class struggle, as the class that owns the means of production economically exploits the rest of the classes. ‘Das Kapital’, a treatise written by him is the most referred book all over the world.

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