describe the condition of england in 17th century?(in details)
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Answer:
The 17th century was the century that lasted from January 1, 1601 (MDCI), to December 31, 1700 (MDCC). It falls into the Early Modern period of Europe and in that continent (whose impact on the world was increasing) was characterized by the Baroque cultural movement, the latter part of the Spanish Golden Age, the Dutch Golden Age, the French Grand Siècle dominated by Louis XIV, the Scientific Revolution, the world's first public company and megacorporation known as the Dutch East India Company, and according to some historians, the General Crisis. The greatest military conflicts were the Thirty Years' War,[1] the Great Turkish War, Mughal–Safavid Wars (Mughal–Safavid War (1622–23), Mughal–Safavid War (1649–53)), Anglo-Mughal Indian War, and the Dutch–Portuguese War. It was during this period also that European colonization of the Americas began in earnest, including the exploitation of the silver deposits, which resulted in bouts of inflation as wealth was drawn into Europe.the Islamic world, the gunpowder empires – the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal – grew in strength. Especially in the Indian subcontinent, Mughal architecture, culture and art reached its zenith, while the empire itself, during the reign of Emperor Aurangzeb, is believed to have had the world's largest economy, bigger than the entirety of Western Europe and worth 25% of global GDP,[3] and its wealthiest province, the Bengal Subah, signaled the period of proto-industrialization.[4]
In Japan, Tokugawa Ieyasu established the Tokugawa shogunate at the beginning of the century, beginning the Edo period; the isolationist Sakoku policy began in the 1630s and lasted until the 19th century. In China, the collapsing Ming dynasty was challenged by a series of conquests led by the Manchu warlord Nurhaci, which were consolidated by his son Hong Taiji and finally consummated by his grandson, the Shunzi Emperor, founder of the Qing dynasty.
From the middle decades of the 17th century, European politics were increasingly dominated by the Kingdom of France of Louis XIV, where royal power was solidified domestically in the civil war of the Fronde. The semi-feudal territorial French nobility was weakened and subjugated to the power of an absolute monarchy through the reinvention of the Palace of Versailles from a hunting lodge to a gilded prison, in which a greatly expanded royal court could be more easily kept under surveillance. With domestic peace assured, Louis XIV caused the borders of France to be expanded. It was during this century that the English monarch became a symbolic figurehead and Parliament was the dominant force in government – a contrast to most of Europe, in particular France.
By the end of the century, Europeans were aware of logarithms, electricity, the telescope and microscope, calculus, universal gravitation, Newton's Laws of Motion, air pressure and calculating machines due to the work of the first scientists of the Scientific Revolution, including Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, René Descartes, Pierre Fermat, Blaise Pascal, Robert Boyle, Christiaan Huygens, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Robert Hooke, Isaac Newton, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. It was also a period of development of culture in general (especially theater, music, visual arts and philosophy).
Explanation:
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The 17th century was a span of enormous political and social disturbance. From an age represented by the Crown’s strong control of the state, the century witnessed years of war, terror and killing that surrounded the kingdom, as well as the execution of Charles I and the inauguration of a republic. Yet all this was again to be deposed with the renovation of Charles II: a short-lived return to imperious royal impact finally swept away with the establishment of William and Mary as ruling monarchs.'
1600: The East India Company is founded
1601: The Poor Law is passed. People are made to pay a rate to support the poor.
1603: In March Queen Elizabeth dies. James I becomes king.
1605: The gunpowder plot, a Catholic conspiracy to blow up parliament, is discovered.
1607: Jamestown, the first successful British colony in North America, is founded
1608: John Milton is born
1611: The King James Bible is published
1625: James I dies. Charles I becomes king.
1628: William Harvey publishes his discovery of the circulation of the blood, The Petition of Right is presented to the king by parliament, George Villiers, the Duke of Buckingham is assassinated in Portsmouth
17th-century houses in Portsmouth
1629-1640: The Eleven Years Tyranny. Charles I rules without parliament.
1632: The great architect Christopher Wren is born
1633: William Laud becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
1641: MP’s draw up a list of grievances called the Grand Remonstrance.
1642: The Civil War, The English Civil War between king and parliament begins. They fight the indecisive battle of Edgehill.
1643: Isaac Newton is born
1644: Parliament wins the battle of Marston Moor
1645: Parliament wins the battle of Naseby, William Laud is executed
1646: Charles I surrenders to the Scots and the first civil war comes to an end
1648: Charles I starts another civil war. The Scots intervene on his behalf. However, the battle of Preston ends hopes of restoring Charles I to power. Pride’s Purge. Thomas Pride removes some Presbyterian MPs from parliament.
1649: King Charles I is beheaded
1651: A Scottish army invades England in an attempt to put Charles II on the throne. The Scots are defeated at Worcester and Charles flees abroad. Thomas Hobbes publishes his work Leviathan
1652: Architect Inigo Jones dies
1652-1654: The first Anglo-Dutch war is fought
1653: Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England
1655-1657: Rule of the Major-Generals in England
1658: Oliver Cromwell dies. His son Richard takes over.
1659: Richard Cromwell resigns. His fall from power is so swift he becomes known as ‘Tumbledown Dick’.
King Charles II
1660: Charles II becomes king
1661: Robert Boyle publishes his great work The Sceptical Chemist
1662:
The Royal Society (a scientific organization) is given its charter by Charles II
Charles II marries a Portuguese princess, Catherine of Braganza
The Act of Uniformity is passed
1663: The first turnpike road is opened. (Turnpike roads were owned by turnpike trusts that maintained them. You had to pay to use them).
1665: The plague kills many people in London. This is the last outbreak of bubonic plague in England.
1665-1667: The second Anglo-Dutch war is fought
1666: The Great Fire of London. Much of the city is destroyed but it is soon rebuilt.
1667: John Milton publishes Paradise Lost
1670: Hudsons Bay Company is formed
1672-1674: The third Anglo-Dutch war is fought
1673: The Test Act is passed. Catholics and Protestant dissenters (who do not belong to the Church of England) are prevented from holding public office.
1670: The Ashmolean Museum in Oxford is founded
1679: The Act of Habeas Corpus. Imprisonment without trial is outlawed.
1685:
Charles II dies. James II (a Roman Catholic) becomes king.
The Duke of Monmouth (Charles II’s illegitimate son) leads an unsuccessful rebellion in Southwest England.
1686 ‘Hanging’ Judge Jeffreys sentences many of the rebels to death.
1687: Isaac Newton publishes his great work Principia Mathematica. He lays the foundations of modern physics.
1688: The ‘Glorious, Bloodless Revolution’. James II flees abroad and William and Mary become the new monarchs.
1689: The Bill of Rights is passed
1694: Queen Mary dies of smallpox aged 32, The Bank of England is founded
1698: Thomas Savery invents the first steam engine
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