Question

Describe the evidence that may indicate that the term of Julfar had become an organized settlements that require protection from outside attacks.

Answer 1

Answer:

This joint paper — complementing literary sources with archaeological data — focuses on the battle of Julfār, the pitched battle which, at the accession of Salghur Shāh to the throne (879-910/1475-1505), reshaped the structural system of the kingdom, also marking a significant turning point in the process of urbanization along the northern coast of Oman and in the development of a market economy. This battle was not only a mere dynastic crisis, but can also be read as a masterly co-operation between Bedouin foot soldiers and a skilled fleet. Julfār stands out first as one of the most powerful dependences of the Ṭībīs, and, after their demise, of the maritime realm of Hormuz. It was one of the most prominent and magnificent outlets and harbours of its time (pilgrimage, shipping, and trade in pearls, horses, amber, dyes, perfumes, dates, vegetables, incense, etc.), an "oasis-town" well sheltered from typhoons and with powerful defensive structures, which exploited its geographical location to the maximum. The battle acquires its significance when read within the general context of the time. On the Arabian scene, new turbulences were shaking the Arabian Peninsula. Power was disrupted in the eastern regions. In the Omani hinterland, the disintegration of the previous order provoked fierce feuds between Malikite and Ibāḍī sheikhdoms. All along the coastal region, where the rulers of Hormuz held de jure sovereignty, Bedouin tribes and Ibāḍī principalities under Nabḥānī emirs were well established and enjoyed great material prosperity. Taking advantage of the religious enmities, tribal groups began to overrun a large part of the interior. The main caravan route linking the Ḥijāz with Bahrain was de facto impracticable, to the great disadvantage of pilgrimage and trade. It is within this precarious situation that we witness the rising of a new power, that of the Banī Jabr. Joining their land forces with Salghur's ships, they gave a new primacy to the Arab component of Hormuz.

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