Question

Describe the harmful effects of parisitic worms

Answer 1

Malaria, bilharziosis, etc., lead to a certain degree of immune suppression which renders the infected host more susceptible to other diseases. In the case of onchocerciasis (river blindness) the presence of the filarial worms under the skin may lead to depigmentation due to allergic reactions.

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Answer 2

Many parasites cause harmful effects to their host, but in most cases these effects are not of such importance that the host is being killed.

Such effects comprise:

• Wasting (cachexia, spoliatrices): African trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis may lead to severe loss of weight in both animals and man.
• Superinfections : In the case of (muco)cutaneous leishmaniasis ulcerations may lead to superinfections with bacteria
• Production of toxic compounds:It is thought that the African trypanosome, when in the central nervous system, produces aromatic amino-acid analogues that may influence brain function.
• Immunodepression: Malaria, bilharziosis, etc., lead to a certain degree of immune suppression which renders the infected host more susceptible to other diseases.
• Allergic reactions: In the case of onchocerciasis (river blindness) the presence of the filarial worms under the skin may lead to depigmentation due to allergic reactions.
• Anaphylactic shock may be induced by the sudden release of large amounts of parasite internal antigens into the bloodstream.
• In malaria this occurs when the merozoites are released in waves from infected erythrocytes.
• In African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness this occurs when the immune response leads to the massive killing and lysis of the circulating parasites.
• Also drug treatment leading to a massive killing of the parasites may result in anaphylactic shock.
• Mechanical damage: In the case of malaria the lysis of erythrocytes does lead to haemolysis and anaemia.
• Irritative reflexes: Irritation of skin and tissues by ecto- and endoparasites

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