Question

Describe the impact of friend request on people's livelihoods and local economy in Africa 1980s

Answer 1

the predominantly rural nature of African society and dependence on agricultural livelihoods, a major panel study of the epidemic’s actual and potential effects was initiated by the World Bank in Kagera, Tanzania, in 1989 with fieldwork starting in 1991 (Over & Ainsworth 1989). In addition, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations commissioned a small‐scale desk simulation study of the potential impact on an African rural society using an unrelated agricultural economic data set from Rwanda (Gillespie 1989). More detailed speculation about the potential effects of HIV on rural society appeared in 1988 (Abel et al. 1988). In 1989, a small‐scale detailed study of the effects of HIV/AIDS in Uganda was undertaken with funding from the government of the United Kingdom (Barnett et al. 1990) and subsequently published in book form (Barnett & Blaikie 1992). These early attempts to understand a radically new problem have to be understood in the context of those times, which was shaped by (i) the understanding of the demographic consequences of AIDS in Africa (Anderson et al. 1988); (ii) stigmatising interpretations of HIV/AIDS, in particular identification of the epidemic with African people’s sexual behaviours (Hrdy 1986) and debates about the African origins of HIV (Chirimuuta & Chirimuuta 1989); (iii) the difficulty of persuading funders that this problem was anything other than a purely medical/clinical issue and (iv) reluctance on the part of many African politicians to accept that the problem was as serious as outsiders were claiming.

Answer 2

 

The Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) program in Botswana aims to achieve biodiversity conservation and rural development in rich biodiversity areas like the Okavango Delta. CBNRM assumes that if rural communities derive benefits from natural resources, they will be obliged to use such resources sustainably. Using the sustainable livelihoods framework, this study analyzes the effects of tourism development through CBNRM on rural livelihoods at Khwai, Sankoyo and Mababe in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, using primary and secondary data sources. Results of long-term surveys and in-depth interviews indicate that the three communities have forgone traditional livelihood activities such as hunting and gathering, livestock and crop farming to participate in tourism through CBNRM. Livelihoods in these villages have been improved as a result. Basic needs such as shelter, employment and income and social services like water supply systems, transportation, scholarships and payment of funeral expenses are now provided to community members and funded with income from CBNRM. Social capital has been built up in order to agree, manage and develop the CBNRM process. These results show that tourism development in these villages is achieving its goal of improved livelihoods, contradicting claims that community development projects are failing to achieve rural development.