Describe the main features of the criminal tribes act introduced by the colonial governament of india
Answers
[1] [i] Under the Criminal Tribes Act, many communities of craftsmen, traders and pastoralists were classified as Criminal Tribes. [ii] They were stated to be criminal by nature and birth. [Hi] These communities were asked to stay in a notified village settlement. [2] [i] This act prevented the pastoralists from moving in search of pastures. [ii] Due to restriction on movement, they had to use the locally available pastures continuously, so the quality of pastures declined. [iii] This led to shortage of forage for animals and deterioration of animal stock. [iv] Underfed cattle died in large numbers during scarcities and famines. All this made the life of pastoralists miserable.
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Answer:
features of tribal society in terms of their: -
• physical,
• demographic,
• linguistic attributes
• their interaction with others
Geographical Distribution
the tribes are all over the country, it is necessary to group them into broad geographical regions. On the basis of ecology.
It is possible to group them into five distinct regions namely: -
• Himalayan region
• Middle India
• Western India
• South Indian Region
• the Islands Region
Three Main Racial Divisions
The racial features and linguistic affiliations of Indian tribes.
On the basis of racial features,
Guha (1935) considers that they belong to the following three races.
a) The Proto-Australoids
This group is characterised by dark skin colour, sunken nose and lower forehead.
These features are found among: -
• the Gond (Madhya Pradesh),
• the Munda (Chotanagpur),
• the Ho (Jharkhand),
b) The Mongoloids
This group is characterised by light skin colour;
• head and face are broad
• the nose bridge is very low
• their eyes are slanting with a fold on the upper eye lid.
These features are found among
• the Bhotiya (Central Himalayas),
• the Wanchu (Arunachal Pradesh),
• the Naga (Nagaland),
• the Khasi (Meghalaya),
c) The Negrito
This group is characterised by dark skin colour
• tending to look like blue
• round head,
• broad nose and frizzy hair
These features are found among
• the Kadar (Kerala),
• the Onge (Little Andaman),
• the Jarwa (Andaman Islands),
Linguistic Affiliations
Linguistically the situation is far more complex. According to a recent estimate
the tribal people speak 105 different languages and 225 subsidiary languages.
For languages are highly structured and, in many ways, reflect the social structure and the values of the society.
the purpose of clarity and understanding, the languages have been classified into a number of families.
The languages spoken by the tribes in India can be classified into four major families of languages.
These are, with examples, as follows:
1) Austro-Asiatic family:
There are two branches of this family, namely,
• Mon- Khmer branch Languages are spoken by Khasi and Nicobari tribals.
• Munda branch. Languages are Santhali, Gondi, Kharia, etc.
2) Tibeto-Chinese family:
There are two sub-families of this type, namely
• Siamese-Chinese sub-family
• Tibeto-Burman sub-family.
In extreme North-Eastern frontier of India Khamti is one specimen of the Siamese-
Chinese sub-family.
The Tibeto-Burman sub-family is further sub-divided into several branches.
Tribals of Nagaland and Lepcha of Darjeeling speak variants of Tibeto-Burman languages.
3) Indo-European family:
Tribal languages such as
• Hajong
• Bhili
4) Dravidian family:
Languages of Dravidian family are, for example,
Spoken by Yeruva of Mysore, Oraon of Chotanagpur.