Describe the Mexican immigrants in Texas. Why did they emigrate from Mexico to Texas? What are some examples of their culture in Texas?
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Mexican Texas is the historiographical name used to refer to the era of Texan history between 1821 and 1836, when it was part of Mexico. Mexico gained independence in 1821 after winning its war against Spain, which began in 1810. Initially, Mexican Texas operated similarly to Spanish Texas. Ratification of the 1824 Constitution of Mexico created a federal structure, and the province of Tejas was joined with the province of Coahuila to form the state of Coahuila y Tejas.
In 1821, approximately 3,500 settlers lived in the whole of Tejas, concentrated mostly in San Antonio and La Bahia,although authorities had tried to encourage development along the frontier. The settler population was overwhelmingly outnumbered by indigenous people in the province. To increase settler numbers, Mexico enacted the General Colonization Law in 1824, which enabled all heads of household, regardless of race, religion or immigrant status, to acquire land in Mexico.
The first empresarial grant had been made under Spanish control to Stephen F. Austin, whose settlers, known as the Old Three Hundred, settled along the Brazos River in 1822. The grant was later ratified by the Mexican government. Twenty-three other empresarios brought settlers to the state, the majority coming from the American South, while only one colony was settled by Mexican nationals, and two by European immigrants.
Mexico officials became concerned about attitudes among the Anglo-Americans in Tejas, for instance, their insistence on bringing slaves into the territory. The legislature passed the Law of April 6, 1830, which prohibited further immigration by U.S. citizens. The government established several new presidios in the region to monitor immigration and customs practices. Angry colonists held a convention in 1832 to demand that U.S. citizens be allowed to immigrate to Tejas. At a convention the following year, colonists proposed that Texas become a separate Mexican state. Although Mexico implemented several measures to appease the colonists, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's measures to transform Mexico from a federalist to a centralist state appeared to be the catalyst for the Anglo-Texan colonists to revolt.
The first violent incident occurred on June 26, 1832, at the Battle of Velasco. On March 2, 1836, Texians declared their independence from Mexico. The Texas Revolution ended on April 21, 1836, when Santa Anna was taken prisoner by Texians following the Battle of San Jacinto. Although Texas declared its independence as the Republic of Texas, Mexico refused to recognize Texas as a new country.
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The most influential immigrant group in Texas culture came from Mexico. Mass relocations occurred at the turn of the 20th century due to the Mexican Revolution. Agricultural expansion attracted laborers. By 1930, Mexican American population of Texas exceeded 700,000, and by 1960 it exceeded 1.4 million. Many Mexican Americans worked as migrant farm laborers in Texas who began on the farms of South Texas and moved north into the Panhandle. After World War II, increased numbers of Mexican Americans left rural areas and moved to urban areas. Mexican Americans actively sought to bridge their two worlds. By the 1920s, Mexican American leaders sought integration of Mexican Americans into American society. They began learning English and participating in the political system while still honoring traditions of Mexico. By the 1990s, nearly 40% of all Mexican Americans in the workforce held skilled or professional positions. Mexican American culture blended the customs of Mexico with those of the U.S. Mexican customs were heavily influenced by Spanish traditions. Spanish newspapers and radio stations addressed news and concerns of both nations. Mexican Americans have a strong literary tradition, Tex-Mex food (a blend of the two cuisines), and are represented by many painters, sculptors, and musicians like artist Manuel Acosta and singer Selena Quintanilla-Pérez.
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