describe the social groups in Europe.
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Because different European states focus on different aspects of the model, it has been argued that there are four distinct social models in Europe: the Nordic, British, Mediterranean and the Continental. The general outlines of a European social model emerged during the post-war boom.
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Membership of a particular social group is one of the five Convention grounds for persecution enumerated in Art. 1A(2) of the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol . It is the ground with the least clarity and it is not defined by the Convention itself. It is being invoked with increasing frequency in refugee status determinations with States having recognised women, families, tribes, occupational groups, and homosexuals, as constituting a particular social group for the purposes of the Convention. For more information see: UNHCR Guidelines on international protection “Membership of a particular social group” within the context of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or its 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees.
2. The concept of Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive) is narrower than that of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) .
3. Depending on the circumstances in the country of origin, a particular social group might include a group based on a common characteristic of sexual orientation. Sexual orientation cannot be understood to include acts considered to be criminal in accordance with national law of the EU Member States. Gender related aspects, including gender identity, shall be given due consideration for the purposes of determining membership of a particular social group or identifying a characteristic of such a group.