Describe the steps or procedure of mendels experiment with suitable example
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Gregor studied seven traits of the pea plant: seed color, seed shape, flower position, flower color, pod shape, pod color, and the stem length. There were three major steps to Mendel's experiments:
1. First he produced a parent generation of true-breeding plants. He made these by self-fertilizing the plants until he knew they bred true to the seven traits. For example, the purple flowering plants always produced seeds that made purple flowers. He called these plants the P generation (for parent).
2. Next, he produced a second generation of plants (F1) by breeding two different true-breeding P plants.
3. He then produced a third generation of plants (F2) by self-pollinating two F1 generation plants that had the same traits.
Mendel's Results
Mendel found some incredible results from his experiments.
F1 Generation
Mendel found that the F1 generation all produced the same trait. Even though the two parents had different traits, the offspring always had the same trait. For example, if he bred a P plant with a purple flower with a P plant with a white flower, all of the offspring (F1) plants would have purple flowers. This is because the purple flower is the dominate trait.
These results can be shown in a diagram called a Punnett square. The dominate gene is shown with a capital letter and the recessive gene with a lower case letter. Here the purple is the dominant gene shown with a "P" and the white is the recessive gene shown with a "w."
PPwPwPwwPwPw
You can go to this page to learn more about inheritance patterns and Punnett Squares.
F2 Generation
In the F2 generation he found that 75% of the flowers were purple and 25% were white. Even though both parents had purple flowers, 25% of the offspring had white flowers. This turned out to be because of a recessive gene or trait was present in both parents.
Here is the Punnett square showing that 25% of the offspring had two "w" genes causing them to have white flowers:
PwPPPPwwPwww
1. First he produced a parent generation of true-breeding plants. He made these by self-fertilizing the plants until he knew they bred true to the seven traits. For example, the purple flowering plants always produced seeds that made purple flowers. He called these plants the P generation (for parent).
2. Next, he produced a second generation of plants (F1) by breeding two different true-breeding P plants.
3. He then produced a third generation of plants (F2) by self-pollinating two F1 generation plants that had the same traits.
Mendel's Results
Mendel found some incredible results from his experiments.
F1 Generation
Mendel found that the F1 generation all produced the same trait. Even though the two parents had different traits, the offspring always had the same trait. For example, if he bred a P plant with a purple flower with a P plant with a white flower, all of the offspring (F1) plants would have purple flowers. This is because the purple flower is the dominate trait.
These results can be shown in a diagram called a Punnett square. The dominate gene is shown with a capital letter and the recessive gene with a lower case letter. Here the purple is the dominant gene shown with a "P" and the white is the recessive gene shown with a "w."
PPwPwPwwPwPw
You can go to this page to learn more about inheritance patterns and Punnett Squares.
F2 Generation
In the F2 generation he found that 75% of the flowers were purple and 25% were white. Even though both parents had purple flowers, 25% of the offspring had white flowers. This turned out to be because of a recessive gene or trait was present in both parents.
Here is the Punnett square showing that 25% of the offspring had two "w" genes causing them to have white flowers:
PwPPPPwwPwww
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Mendel Experiment
Explanation:
- Mendel performed monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using the pea (Pisum sativum) plant. In the first monohybrid experiment, he selected a homozygous tall plant and a homozygous dwarf plant. The plants were crossed fertilized using the technique of emasculation and bagging.
- The seeds thus obtained gave rise to the hybrid tall plants (heterozygous) that were called the F1 generation. In the continuation of the experiment, the F1 plants were allowed to self-fertilize, and the resultant seeds gave rise to the F2 generation in which, there were 3 tall plants and 1 dwarf plant phenotypically and 1:2:1 ratio as per their genotype.
- In the second experiment, a dihybrid cross was performed. The parent plants were homozygous for yellow and round seeds and green and wrinkled seeds. Emasculation and bagging were performed and cross-fertilization was done.
- The resultant F1 progeny was heterozygous with yellow and round seeds. These were then allowed to undergo self-fertilization and 16 offspring were obtained in F2 as 9 with yellow and round seeds; 3 with yellow and wrinkled seeds' 3 with green and round seeds; and 1 with green and wrinkled seeds.
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