Question

describe the various ways by which seeds are dispersed​

Answer 1

Answer:

There are five main modes of seed dispersal: gravity, wind, ballistic, water, and by animals. Some plants are serotinous and only disperse their seeds in response to an environmental stimulus.

Gravity

Barochory or the plant use of gravity for dispersal is a simple means of achieving seed dispersal. The effect of gravity on heavier fruits causes them to fall from the plant when ripe. Fruits exhibiting this type of dispersal include apples, coconuts and passionfruit and those with harder shells (which often roll away from the plant to gain more distance). Gravity dispersal also allows for later transmission by water or animal.

Ballistic dispersal

Ballochory is a type of dispersal where the seed is forcefully ejected by explosive dehiscence of the fruit. Often the force that generates the explosion results from turgor pressure within the fruit or due to internal tensions within the fruit. Some examples of plants which disperse their seeds autochorously include: Impatiens spp., Arceuthobium spp., Ecballium spp., Geranium spp., Cardamine hirsuta and others. An exceptional example of ballochory is Hura crepitans—this plant is commonly called the dynamite tree due to the sound of the fruit exploding. The explosions are powerful enough to throw the seed up to 100 meters.

Witch hazel uses ballistic dispersal without explosive mechanisms by simply squeezing the seeds out at 28 mph.

Allochory

Allochory refers to any of many types of seed dispersal where a vector or secondary agent is used to disperse seeds. These vectors may include wind, water, animals or others.

Wind

wind dispersal (anemochory) is one of the more primitive means of dispersal. Wind dispersal can take on one of two primary forms: seeds can float on the breeze or alternatively, they can flutter to the ground.

Water

Many aquatic (water dwelling) and some terrestrial (land dwelling) species use hydrochory, or seed dispersal through water. Seeds can travel for extremely long distances, depending on the specific mode of water dispersal; this especially applies to fruits which are waterproof and float on water.

Animals

Animals can disperse plant seeds in several ways, all named zoochory. Seeds can be transported on the outside of vertebrate animals (mostly mammals), a process known as epizoochory. Plant species transported externally by animals can have a variety of adaptations for dispersal, including adhesive mucus, and a variety of hooks, spines and barbs.

Humans

Dispersal by humans (anthropochory) used to be seen as a form of dispersal by animals. Its most widespread and intense cases account for the planting of much of the land area on the planet, through agriculture. In this case, human societies form a long term relationship with plant species, and create conditions for their growth.

Answer 2

Explanation:

The various ways by which seeds are dispersed are :

(i) By Wind: Some seeds are light-weight and some have hair-like or wing-like structure on them so by wind the dispersed everywhere when we scatter seeds.

(ii) By Water: Some seeds are dispersed by water.

Example---> coconut seeds

(iii) By animal: Some seeds are dispersed by animals. Seeds which we throw here and there, will dispersed by animal on fittings to there feets.

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