Difference between absolute lymphocytes and lymphocytes
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Answer:
The total white blood cell counts of all great apes studied is significantly higher than in humans, and this includes the lymphocyte subset. The mechanism and significance of this difference are unknown. Human lymphocyte counts greater than 4000 lymphocytes/µL of blood are classified as lymphocytosis in humans. Levels this high are often associated with infection or malignancy in humans, but counts in the great apes often exceed this value under normal conditions (Cite). Interspecies differences may have been selected by factors like population density, environmental pathogen persistance, prevalance of injury, and sexual promiscuity (Semple 2002).Background Information:
Lymphocytes are immune cells that are responsible for adaptive immunity. In contrast to innate immunity, which is encoded by the genome, lymphocytes undergo mutation after differentiation (somatic mutation) in order to maximize the ability of a host organism to recognize different pathogen antigens. Gene recombination, class switching, and somatic hypermutation are molecular tools that allow most vertebrates (jawless fish use a different system) to generate pathogen-specific probes and clonally expand immune cells that are tailored to fight a specific infection. Mammals are especially adept at this process, adapting lymphocyte populations faster than fish or other vertebrates. Current hypotheses speculate that lymphocytes acquired their impressive recombinant abilities from a bacterial transposon or retrovirus which infected a vertebrate ancestor. AID and APOBEC, which mutate nucleic acids, are thought to have originated as antiviral proteins. Lymphocytes are divided into B-cells, which are responsible for antibody production (humoral immunity) and T-cells, which are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Lymphocytes are also responsible for immunologic memory, persisting in the host organism in a state that is ready for reactivation and expansion should a familiar pathogen infect the host again. Vaccines use pathogen antigens to trigger an immunologic response and memory in advance of exposure, protecting the host from pathogen infection (Danilova 2012).
⇒ "Lymphocytes" can be defined as the the smallest leucocytes, slightly larger than the Red Blood Cells (RBCs).
⇒ Extra Information :-
⇒ Lymphocytes are small, non-phagocytic cells with round, dense nuclei and a small amount of cytoplasm.
⇒ Lymphocytes are the second most common leucocytes in blood.
⇒ Lymphocytes make up about (20-30)% of White Blood Cells (WBCs).
⇒ There are two functionally distinct types: "T-lymphocytes" and "B-lymphocytes".
⇒ Lymphocytes play the central role in all immunological defence mechanisms of the body.