Difference between moderates and extremist? how far did the extrimist succeed?
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but British ignored these petitions .
But on other hand there are some people who wanted self -rule or Swaraj . They came to be called extremist.
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Congress politics during the first twenty years of its history is roughly referred to as moderate politics. Its members were mostly part-time politicians, who were successful professionals in their personal lives- a thoroughly Anglicized upper class who had very little time and commitment for full time politics.The closing decade of nineteenth century abd early years of the twentieth century witnessed the emergence of a new and younger group within the Indian National Congress, which was sharply critical of the ideology and the methods of the moderate leaders.
They demand equality, which seemed to be a rather abstract idea; they equated liberty with class privilege and wanted gradual or prepare themselves for self-government. In the meanwhile, abstract faith could be placed in British in Parliament and the people. Their politics was very limited in the terms of gods and methods. They were secular in attitude. They were conscious of the exploitive nature of British rule, but wanted its reforms and not expulsion.
Moderates had an implicit faith in the efficiency of peaceful and constitutional agitation as opposed to popular mean of agitation. It was explained by Gokhle in his journal Sudhar as 3P method; Petition, Prayer and Protest. The press and platform of the annual session were their agency of agitation.
The moderates believed in the essential sense of justice and the goodness of British nation. They wanted to broaden Indian participation in legislatures through an expansion of the central and provincial legislature by introducing 50% elected representation from local bodies, chambers of commerce, universities etc. Thus their immediate demand was not for full self government or democracy; they demanded democratic rights only for the educated members of the Indian society, who should substitute for the masses. The moderates politicians could not or did not organize an agitator against British rule because of them still shred an intrinsic faith in the British Democratic liberal political tradition. Their method was to send prayers and petitions, to, making speeches and publish articles. They did not understand true nature of British rule in India.
The leading figures of the moderates were A.O. Hume, W.C. Banarjee, Surendranath Banarjee, Dadabhai Naoroji, Frezo Shah Mehta, Gokhale, Malaviya, Badruddin Tyabji, Justice Ranade and G. Subramanya Aiyar.
MAIN DEMANDS OF MODERATES:
(1)Expression and reform of Legislative Councils. (2)Greater opportunities for Indians in higher posts by holding the ICS examination simultaneously in England and in India. (3)Separation of the Judiciary from the executive. (4)More powers for the local bodies. (5)Reduction of land revenue and protection of peasants from unjust landlords. (6)Abolition of salt tax and sugar duty. (7)Freedom of speech and expression and freedom to form associations. (8)Reduction of spending on Army.
Extremist
Causes for the Rise of Extremism
1) The failure of the moderates to win any notable success other than the expansion of the legislative councils by the Indian councils Act 1892.
2) The famine and plague of 1896-97 which affected the whole country and the duffering of the masses.
3) The economic conditions of the people became worse.
4) The ill-treatment of Indians in South-Africa on the basis of colour of skin.
5) The Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05 in which Japan defeated the European power Russia. The encouraged Indians to fight against the European nation, Britain.
6) The immediate cause for the rise of extremism was the reactionary rule of Lord Curzin:
I. He passed the Calcutta corporation act (1899) reducing the Indian control of this local body.
II. The Universities Act (1904) reduced the elected members in the University bodies.
III. The sedition Act and the official secrets Act reduced the freedoms of all people.
IV. His worst measure was the partition of Bengal.
METHODS USED BY THE EXTREMISTS WERE:
1) Not cooperating with British Government by Boycotting government courts, schools and colleges.
2) Promotion of swadesh and boycott of foreign goods.
3) Introduction and promotion of national education.
Extremists had wide social base of political agitations, they involved lower middle class and middle class public apart from educated class of people. Their demands were swaraj, as their Birthright. The leading figures of Extremists were Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bopin Chandra Pal,Lala Lajpat Rai and Arovindo Ghose.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF EXTREMISTS:
1) They were the first to demand swaraj as a matter of birth right.
2) They involved the masses in the freedom struggle and broadened the social base of the National Movement.
3) They were the first to organize an all Indian political movement viz. the Swadeshi Movement.