Question

Difference between normal cells and viral cells related to the presence of orgennelles

Answer 1

Genetic Material in Cells & Viruses:

Cells

Genetic material is the instructions for all cell function. In cells, the genetic material is deoxyribonucleic acid (or DNA). DNA is made of individual pieces called nucleotides that are strung together in two long chains that twist together, forming a double helix.

The nucleotides hold a message inside DNA that is decoded by the cell to make proteins, molecules that are needed for all cell structure and function. In some cells, like our body cells, DNA is enclosed in a structure called the nucleus. Other cells, like bacteria, don't have a nucleus and their DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm, or main compartment of the cell. These organisms can reproduce faster than our cells can, with some dividing about every 20 minutes.

To make proteins inside any type of cell, DNA is copied to another molecule called ribonucleic acid (or RNA) and then copied to proteins. This order is known as the central dogma and applies to all living cells. Consider it like baking a cake, first you have to cream the butter, then add the sugar, then add the flour. Your cake won't turn out right if you don't adhere to this order.

Viruses

However, viruses break the rules a little bit. Viruses can use DNA or RNA as their genetic material. The DNA and RNA don't even have to have the same structure as they do in normal cells. Cells have a double stranded DNA molecule and many strands of single stranded RNA as the copies. Viruses, however, can have double stranded DNA, single stranded DNA, double stranded RNA, or single stranded RNA. They convert RNA to DNA and then back to RNA to make proteins, which does not happen inside cells.

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