Difference between primary succession and secondary succession.
Answers
Answer:
Basis for Comparison
Primary succession
Secondary succession
Definition Primary succession is a type of ecological succession that takes place in an environment that is recently formed and lacks habitable soil but then is colonized for the first time by living organisms. Secondary succession is a type of ecological succession that occurs in an environment with an already established ecosystem that gets disruption due to some events like fire or hurricane and is then re-colonized by other organisms.
Initial vegetation Primary succession occurs in an area without any initial vegetation. Secondary succession occurs in an area with initial vegetation.
Initiation Primary succession is initiated either due to a biological factor or an external agent. An external factor initiates secondary succession.
Soil Before the beginning of the primary succession, the surface soil is absent in the area. Secondary succession occurs in an area covered with surface soil.
Organic matter There is no organic matter present in the environment undergoing primary succession. Organic matter is present in the environment undergoing secondary succession
Environment The environment during primary succession is unfavorable and is made favorable as new species continue to grow. The environment is favorable from the beginning.
Pioneer species The pioneer species of primary succession enter the ecosystem from the outside environment. The pioneer species of secondary succession are the species already present within the previous ecosystem.
The pioneer species in primary succession are mostly lichens, followed by algae and fungi. The pioneer species in secondary succession are mostly grasses.
Intermediate community Numerous intermediate communities are formed during primary succession. Fewer intermediate communities are formed during secondary succession.
Previous community No previous community is present in the environment prior to primary succession. Previous communities are present in the environment prior to secondary succession.
Time Primary succession takes a longer time to complete. Secondary succession takes a shorter time to complete.
Examples Some examples of primary succession include the formation of a new ecosystem after a volcano, glacier outbursts, or a nuclear explosion. Some examples of secondary succession include succession after fire, harvesting, logging, or abandonment of land or the renewal after a disease outbreak
Explanation:
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Primary School
The first years of compulsory schooling are called elementary or primary school (just to
confuse the issue, elementary schools are also called grade or grammar schools). Secondary
education is for children aged 12 to 18. Secondary school generally takes place in a high
school, which is often divided into junior and senior high. Junior high (also called Middle
School) is for those aged 11 to 14 and senior high is for students aged 15 to 18.
Primary education starts at the age of five, in Kindergarten. To qualify for kindergarten a
child must be five years old on or before a ‘cut-off’ date (in the State of Minnesota the cutoff
date is 1st September) to attend that year. For example, if your child turns 5 years old on July
31, 2007, then he will start school in September, 2007. If your child turns 5 years old on
December 12, 2007, then she will begin school in September, 2008.Usually a child must be
enrolled in kindergarten or first grade in the calendar year in which he turns six. Elementary
school, which is almost always co-educational (mixed boys and girls), is usually attended
from the age of 5 or 6 until 11 (grades K to 6), when students go on to a middle or junior
high school. In some school districts, students attend elementary school until 14 (up to grade
8) before attending a senior high school.
The elementary school curriculum varies with the organization and educational aims of
individual schools and local communities. Promotion from one grade to the next is based on a
student’s achievement of specified skills, although a child is required to repeat a year in
exceptional circumstances only. (Some school districts are returning to testing as a means of
determining when a child is ready to move to the next grade, in an effort to reduce reliance
on ‘social promotion,’ and this is becoming yet another contentious issue.)
Elementary schools provide instruction in the fundamental skills of reading, writing and
mathematics, as well as history and geography (taught together as social studies), crafts,
music, science, art and physical education (phys education) or gym. Foreign languages, which
used to be taught at high schools only, are now being introduced during the last few years of
elementary school in some areas (although in some cities, state schools don’t offer any
foreign language teaching). Elementary students are usually given homework; however, the
workload is lighter than in many countries. The workload increases with higher grades.
Many elementary schools offer Gifted Education Programs. Those are programs that address
the needs of students for whom the regular curriculum in one or more subjects is not
challenging enough. To learn more, you can visit the Gifted Education Programs section.