different homology and analogy organ (evidence of evolution) at least need 10 evidence from homologous and analogous organ
Answers
A Homologous structure is an organ or organ system present in organisms which share a common ancestry. These have a similar structure but different functions in different organisms. They usually appear because of divergent evolution and have same origin. A few examples are:
Vertebrate limbs
All the higher vertebrates have a similar skeletal structure of their forelimbs but humans use them for holding things, cats for walking, whales for swimming while bats use them for flying.
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Homologous organs are those organs which have similar anatomical structure and common evolutionary origin but they perform different functions.
For example -
Forelimbs of whales, bats, dogs, and human have similar anatomical structures.
Hearts of Vertebrates.
Analogous organs are those structures which perform same function but different anatomical structure.
For example-
Eye of human and an eye of Octopus.
Wings of bird and wings of insects.
Potato and Sweet Potato.
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Plants too have homologous structures like those seen in animals. The cactus leaves are modified into small spines that help reduce water loss and protect the cactus from plant-eaters. The tendril of a pea plant and spines of a barberry plant are homologous organs showing similar functions.
The organs which perform same function and looks similar but are quite different in their structure. These organs are called as analogous organs. Analogy is based on the convergent evolution. Examples of analogous organs are as follows:
Example - Insect and bord wings: The wings of bird and insect are the analogous organ . In both organism, these organs are used to fly in air but they are different in structure. Insect wings is an extension of the integument whereas bird wing is formed of limb bones covered with flesh, skin and feathers.
Brains
All vertebrates have a similar structure of the brain with all the lobes, pituitary gland, cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla etc.
Hearts
All vertebrate hearts are made up of auricles and ventricles.
Leaves
Venus fly trap and pitcher plants have modified leaves which help in capturing insects while cactus leaves are modified into spines to put a check on transpiration.
Tendrils in pea plants are a modification of leaves to provide support to the plant while spines of a barberry plant are modified leaves to provide protection.
An Analogous structure is an organ or organ system present in organisms which do not share an ancestry or common origin. They have a similar function but different structure. They usually appear because of convergent evolution in organisms found in similar habitats. A few examples are:
Wings
Wings of insects, birds and bats have different structure but all are used to facilitate flying.
Fins
Fins of a fish and flippers of a whale have different internal structures but both of them are used by the organisms to swim in the common aquatic habitat.
Potato & sweet potato
Both potato and sweet potato store food in plants in the form of starch but they have different structures. Potatoes are modified stems while sweet potatoes are modified adventitious roots.
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Homlogous organs: Organs that have same basic structural design but have different functions are called homologous organs. Eg. The forelimbs of frog, human, lizard and birds.
The forelimbs of humans help in grasping, of lizards help for running, of frog for hopping and of bird for flying.
Analogous organs: Organs that have different basic structural design but perform similar function are called analogous organs. Eg. Wings of birds and wings of insects.
They have same function i.e flying but have totally different anatomy and origin.