Question

differentiate between pre-darwin view and post-darwin view

Answer 1

Throughout the Middle Ages, there was one predominant component of the European world view: stasis.

All aspects of nature were considered as fixed and change was unconceivable.
No new species had appeared, and none had disappeared or become extinct.
The social and political context of the Middle Ages helps explain this world view:

shaped by feudal society - hierarchical arrangement supporting a rigid class system that had changed little for centuries
shaped by a powerful religious system - life on Earth had been created by God exactly as it existed in the present (known as fixity of species).
This social and political context, and its world view, provided a formidable obstacle to the development of evolutionary theory. In order to formulate new evolutionary principles, scientists needed to:

overcome the concept of fixity of species
establish a theory of long geological time
From the 16th to the 18th century, along with renewed interest in scientific knowledge, scholars focused on listing and describing all kinds of forms of organic life. As attempts in this direction were made, they became increasingly impressed with the amount of biological diversity that confronted them.

These scholars included:

John Ray (1627-1705) - put some order into the diversity of animal and plant life, by creating the concepts of species and genus.
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) - added two more categories (class and order) and created a complex system of classification (taxonomy) still used today; also innovated by including humans in his classification of animals.
Georges-Louis Leclerc (1707-1788) - innovated by suggesting the changing nature of species, through adaptation to local climatic and environmental conditions.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) - offered a comprehensive system to explain species changes; postulated that physical alterations of organic life would occur in relation to changing environmental circumstances, making species better suited for their new habitat; also postulated that new traits would be passed on to offspring (the theory known as inheritance of acquired characteristics).
Therefore, the principle of "fixity of species" that ruled during the Middle Ages was no longer considered valid.

In the mid-19th century, Charles Darwin offered a new theory which pushed further the debate of evolutionary processes and marks a fundamental step in their explanation by suggesting that evolution works through natural selection.
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