Question

direct indirect speech rules

Answer 1

Direct Speech

In direct speech, we convey the message of the speaker in his own actual words without any change to another person.

Indirect Speech

In indirect speech, we convey the message of the speaker in our own words to another person.

Procedure of changing direct speech into indirect speech

Remove comma and inverted commas.Put "that" between the reporting and reported speeches.(it is optional to put "that" between the reporting and reported speech)Change the 1st letter of reported speech into small letter except for "I"Change the pronoun of the direct speech according to the rules described in table 2Change the tense of the direct speech appropriately according to rules described in table 3.Change the words expressing nearness in time or places of the direct speech into its appropriate words expressing distance as per table 1

Rules for changing Direct into Indirect Speech

The past tense is often used when it is uncertain if the statement is true or when we are reporting objectively.Indirect Speech ConversionDirect Speech ConditionPresent Tenses in the Direct Speech are changed into Past Tense.If the reporting or principal verb is in the Past Tense.Do Not Change Tense of reported Speech in Indirect Speech sentenceIf in direct speech you find say/says or will say.Direct speech the words within the quotation marks talk of a universal truth or habitual action.The reporting verb is in a present tense.When there are two sentences combined with the help of a conjunction and both sentences have got different tenses. then change the tenses of both sentences according to the rule.Words expressing nearness in time or places are generally changed into words expressing distance.Change of place and timeDirect Speech WordIndirect Speech WordHereThereTodaythat daythis morningthat morningYesterdaythe day beforeTomorrowthe next daynext weekthe following weeknext monththe following monthNowThenAgoBeforeThusSoLast Nightthe night beforeThisThatTheseThoseHitherThitherHenceThenceComeGo

Change in Pronouns

The pronouns of the Direct Speech are changed where necessary, according to their relations with the reporter and his hearer, rather than with the original speaker. If we change direct speech into indirect speech, the pronouns will change in the following ways.

RulesDirect SpeechIndirect SpeechThe first person of the reported speech changes according to the subject of reporting speech.She says, "I am in tenth class."She says, "I am in tenth class."The second person of reported speech changes according to the object of reporting speech.He says to them, "You have completed your job."He tells them that they have completed their job.The third person of the reported speech doesn't change.She says, "She is in tenth class."She says that she is in tenth class.

Answer 2

... IN THE DI /ID FOLLOWING CHANGES ARE TO BE MADE DEPENDING UPON THE SENTENCE
now-then
here-there
here after-there after
This-that
these-those
ago-before
thus-so
To-day-that day
to-night-that night
last night-the previous night
yesterday-the day before (or)
the previous day
tomorrow-the next day (or)
the following day
last week-the week before (or)
the previous week
next week-the week after (or)
the following week
last month-the month before (or)
the previous month
next month-a month after

If the reporting verb is in the Present or Future tense (e.g., say, will say) there is no change in the tense of the verb in the Indirect speech.
Antony says, “I eat a mango”. (D.S.
Antony says, that he eats a mango”. (I.S.)

If Reporting Verb is in the Past Tense. the tense of the verbs in the reported speech or Indirect Speech must be generally changed.

Present Tense in the Direct BECOMES PAST TENSE
Johnsi said, “I write a letter”. (D.S)
Johnsi said that she wrote a letter. (I.S)

Past Tense in the direct becomes past perfect or remains unchanged.
Angel said, “I brought a pen yesterday”. (D.S)
Angel said that she had bought a pen the day before. (I.S)

Present Continuous in the direct becomes past continuous.
John said, “I am going to church”. (D.S)
John said that he was going to church. (I.S)

Past Continuous in the direct becomes past perfect continuous.
Nelson said, “I was playing cricket”. (D.S)
Nelson said that he had been playing cricket. (I.S)

Present Perfect in the direct becomes past perfect.
Kamal said, “I have done my home work”. (D.S)
Nelson said that he had done his home work. (I.S)

. Present Perfect Continuous in the direct becomes past perfect continuous.
He said, “I have been reading a novel”. (D.S)
He said that he had been reading a novel. (I.S)

Will’ and ‘Shall’ are changed to ‘would’.
He said, “I will go to London tomorrow”. (D.S)
He said that he would go to London the next day. (I.S)
may-mightcan-could
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