Question

discus the causes and patterns of violence and terrorism

Answer 1

1. Due violence many innocent's lives are in danger
2.Due violence many women became widows and children were orphaned.
3.Due violence people wage war with their own species.

Answer 2

This chapter investigates the causes of terrorism. Many explanations have been given for terrorism, and scholars and other experts have devoted a great deal of effort to explaining terrorist behavior. This has not been a simple task. Explanatory models consider many factors, including political history, government policy, contemporary politics, cultural tensions, ideological trends, economic trends, individual idiosyncrasies, and other variables. In the following discussion, readers will identify factors that explain why individuals and groups choose to engage in terrorist violence. Readers will also explore and critically assess the sources of ideological belief systems and activism and the reasons why such activism sometimes results in terrorist violence. For example, is the terrorist option somehow forced on people who have no other alternative? Is terrorism simply one choice from a menu of options? Is politically motivated violence perhaps a pathological manifestation of personal or group dysfunction? It is useful in the beginning of our discussion to identify broad causes of terrorism at the individual and group levels. At the individual level, some experts have distinguished rational, psychological, and cultural origins: Rational terrorists think through their goals and options, making a cost-benefit analysis. ... Psychological motivation for resorting to terrorism derives from the terrorist’s personal dissatisfaction with his/her life and accomplishments. ...A major cultural determinant of terrorism is the perception of “outsiders” and anticipation of their threat to ethnic group survival.1 At the group level, terrorism can grow out of an environment of political activism, when a group’s goal is to redirect a government’s or society’s attention toward the grievances of an activist social movement. It can also grow out of dramatic events in the experience of a people or a nation. Although these two sources—social movements and dramatic events—are generalized concepts, it is instructive to briefly review their importance. Social Movements. Social movements are campaigns that try either to promote change or to preserve something that is perceived as threatened. Movements involve mass action on behalf of a cause, not simply the actions of individuals promoting their personal political beliefs. Examples include the Irish Catholic civil rights movement of the 1960s in Northern Ireland and the African American civil rights movement in the American South during the same decade. Proponents of this type of movement seek the moral high ground as a way to rally sympathy and support for their cause and to bring pressure on those at odds with the cause. In both cases, radicalized sentiment grew out of frustration with the slow pace of change and the violent reaction of some opponents. Dramatic Events. Also called traumatic events, these occur when an individual, a nation, or an ethno-national group suffers from an event that has a traumatizing and lasting effect. At the personal level, children of victims of political violence may grow up to oppose perceived oppressors with violence. This is likely to occur in regions of extended conflict, such as the war between Tamils and Sinhalese in Sri Lanka, The Troubles in Northern Ireland, or the Palestinian intifada. Regardless of the specific precipitating cause of a particular terrorist’s behavior, the fact that so many individuals, groups, and nations resort to terrorist violence suggests that common motives and explanations can be found. The discussion in this chapter will review the following: • Political violence as the fruit of injustice • Political violence as strategic choice • The morality of political violence