discuss briefly about the implementation of public policy. ?
Answers
Answer:
Implementation means to carry out, to fulfill, produce, and compete. This is different from creating a policy. ... There is often no specific implementation plan that names actors, actions, and desired results. A policy is often more of a hypothesis; implementation converts a policy into an action program.
Explanation:
Implementation means to carry out, to fulfill, produce, and compete. This is different from creating a policy. A policy is often a broad statement of goals, without specific objectives. There is often no specific implementation plan that names actors, actions, and desired results. A policy is often more of a hypothesis; implementation converts a policy into an action program. Policies grow out of ideas, often with multiple and possibly conflicting vague goals. Policies point to a desired causal chain of events, between initial conditions and desired future consequences. Implementation is the action plan to bridge the gap between the two.
Implementation may be carried out by formal as well as by informal actors, including legislators, courts, bureaucracies, pressure groups, community organizations, and even individuals.
Power is widely shared among and diffused throughout government institutions. However, power over the creation of policy is not the same as control. We are relatively successful at making changes within government, but less successful at bringing about changes in the behavior of the target populations. This may be due to the fact that there is no overall constituency for much of policy implementation. With weak political parties and lack of political legitimacy of other actors, it is often left up to single-issue interest groups to influence the implementation of public policies. In addition, many public policies promise much more than they can possibly deliver or are too radical for opponents to accept. Many policies, therefore, remain only as unrealized potential.
The rising inequality among social groups means that government undertakes more quality of life programs to improve the life of the less fortunate. In order to undertake these programs, agencies must adopt vague policies in order to get them passes and accepted by the more fortunate. But the more vague the policy, the more difficult the program will be to implement, and the result is often to the satisfaction of no single individual or group. This may have important implications for the legitimacy of government. The failure or success of policy implementation influences what policy-makers feel they can or want to do in the future. Both the anticipated and unanticipated outcomes of policy implementation influence future policy-making, even though these outcomes cannot be known in advance of implementation.
There are two main, competing theories about implementation. One is that implementation is the continuation of the rational planning and decision-making process that is used to determine which policies to adopt. This view sees policy implementation as a continuation of rational organizational design, with a knowable and certain outcome. The other theory is the interactive model, that policy implementation is a continuation of the politics that results in the adoption of public policies, and that outcomes are uncertain.
Policy implementation can be seen as a process of bargaining. Often, one unit of government cannot force another unit to do (or refrain from doing) something. When participants in a policy process share a common interest in coming to a decision but have divergent values and objectives, the bargaining model is often used to make decisions about implementation. Implementation becomes a process of complex proposals and counter-proposals among different government actors, in which the initial aims of each party are slowly modified to permit an agreement to be reached. The parties may include interest groups, citizens, other units of government, and other actors.
Policies are generally neither “right” or “wrong,” but either do or do not gain increased acceptance as time goes by. Implementation affects how well policies are accepted, not just by faithfully adhering to the policy mandate but also by adapting to changing circumstances over time. Successful implementation does depend a great deal on administrative discretion and the know-how to get results. Narrowing the range of administrative latitude in implementation may limit the value of the process, while too wide a scope make it impossible to obtain success. Implementation may be seen as an evolving process, a response to changing forces and circumstances; it is a struggle over the realization of ideals.
There are a large number of possible actors in policy implementation. For example:
-on specific legislation, there may be legislative monitoring, oversight, and intervention to ensure that there is periodic reporting to the sponsoring committee.