Discuss the Consolidation of Imperial Authority under Akbar with reference to Mughal empire relations in 13th to 14th century
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Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar[7] (Persian: ابو الفتح جلال الدين محمد اكبر; October 1542[a]– 27 October 1605),[10][11] popularly known as Akbar the Great,[12] (Akbar-i-azam اکبر اعظم), and also as Akbar I (IPA: [əkbər]),[13] was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in India.
Jalal-ud-din Muhammad
Akbar
جلال الدین محمد اکبر
Badshah of the Mughal Empire
Akbar the Great
Govardhan. Akbar With Lion and Calf ca. 1630, Metmuseum (cropped).jpg
Akbar by Govardhan, c. 1630
3rd Mughal Emperor
Reign
11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605[1][2]
Coronation
14 February 1556[1]
Predecessor
Humayun
Successor
Jahangir
Regent
Bairam Khan (1556–1560)[3]
Born
Jalal-ud-din Muhammad
15 October 1542[a]
Amarkot, Rajputana (present-day Umerkot, Sindh, Pakistan)
Died
27 October 1605 (aged 63)
Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, Mughal Empire (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
Burial
November 1605
Akbar's Tomb, Sikandra, Agra
Consort
Ruqaiya Sultan Begum[4][5][6]
Wives
Mariam-uz-Zamani
Salima Sultan Begum
Qasima Banu Begum
Bibi Daulat Shad
Bhakkari Begum
Gauhar-un-Nissa Begum
Issue
Hassan Mirza
Hussain Mirza
Jahangir
Khanum Sultan Begum
Murad Mirza
Daniyal Mirza
Shakr-un-Nissa Begum
Aram Banu Begum
Shams-un-Nissa Begum
Mahi Begum
Full name
Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar[7]
Dynasty
House of Timur
Father
Humayun
Mother
Hamida Banu Begum
Religion
Sunni Islam,[8][9] Din-e-Illahi
A strong personality and a successful general, Akbar gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include much of the Indian subcontinent. His power and influence, however, extended over the entire subcontinent because of Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralised system of administration throughout his empire and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. To preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire, he adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects. Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic state identity, Akbar strove to unite far-flung lands of his realm through loyalty, expressed through an Indo-Persian culture, to himself as an emperor.
Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of culture. Akbar himself was a patron of art and culture. He was fond of literature, and created a library of over 24,000 volumes written in Sanskrit, Urdu, Persian, Greek, Latin, Arabic and Kashmiri, staffed by many scholars, translators, artists, calligraphers, scribes, bookbinders and readers. He did much of the cataloging himself through three main groupings.[14] Akbar also established the library of Fatehpur Sikri exclusively for women,[15] and he decreed that schools for the education of both Muslims and Hindus should be established throughout the realm. He also encouraged bookbinding to become a high art.[14] Holy men of many faiths, poets, architects, and artisans adorned his court from all over the world for study and discussion. Akbar's courts at Delhi, Agra, and Fatehpur Sikri became centres of the arts, letters, and learning. Timurid and Perso-Islamic culture began to merge and blend with indigenous Indian elements, and a distinct Indo-Persian culture emerged characterized by Mughal style arts, painting, and architecture. Disillusioned with orthodox Islam and perhaps hoping to bring about religious unity within his empire, Akbar promulgated Din-i-Ilahi, a syncretic creed derived mainly from Islam and Hinduism as well as some parts of Zoroastrianism and Christianity.
Akbar's reign significantly influenced the course of Indian history. During his rule, the Mughal Empire tripled in size and wealth. He created a powerful military system and instituted effective political and social reforms. By abolishing the sectarian tax on non-Muslims and appointing them to high civil and military posts, he was the first Mughal ruler to win the trust and loyalty of the native subjects. He had Sanskrit literature translated, participated in native festivals, realising that a stable empire depended on the co-operation and good-will of his subjects. Thus, the foundations for a multicultural empire under Mughal rule were laid during his reign. Akbar was succeeded as emperor by his son, Prince Salim, later known as Jahangir.