discuss the evolution of indian constitution (1885-1935)
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Answer:
Indian Council Act of 1892
The size of the Legislative Council was increased.
The Legislative Council was given more power, they had the power to deliberate on the Budget and could pose questions to the Executive.
Indirect elections were introduced for the 1st time.
The Principal of Representation was introduced as per provisions given in the Indian Council Act of 1892.
Indian Councils Act, 1909 – Morley Minto Reforms
Indian Councils Act of 1909 is commonly known as Morley Minto Reforms.
For the 1st time, Direct elections were introduced for the Legislative Councils.
The Central Legislative Council was renamed as the Imperial Legislative Council.
The Communal representation system was introduced by giving separate electorate. It was a system where seats were reserved only for Muslims and only Muslims would be polled.
For the first time, Indians were appointed to the Executive Council of Viceroy. Satyendra Sinha was the law member.
Aspirants can learn more about Morley Minto Reforms in the given link.
Government of India Act, 1919 – Montagu Chelmsford Reforms
Government of India Act, 1919 was also known as the Montagu Chelmsford reforms.
Bicameralism was introduced for the 1st time.
Provincial and Central Subjects were separated.
Dyarchy, a scheme of Dual Governance was introduced in the Provincial Subjects, it was divided into Reserved and Transferred. The transferred list included agriculture, health, education, and supervision of the local government. The Transferred list was given to the Government of Ministers answerable to Provincial Council. The reserved list included communications, foreign affairs, defence; this transferred list was under the control of Viceroy.
Out of 6 members in Viceroy’s Executive Council, 3 of them were Indians.
The Act provided provisions for the establishment of the Public Service Commission in India for the first time.
Communal Representation extended to Christians, Anglo-Indians, Sikhs.
The franchise was given to a limited population which was based on people who had taxable income, had property and paid land revenue of Rs 3000.
Montagu Chelmsford Reforms made provision for setting up a statutory commission at the end of 10 years to look into the working of the Government.
Government of India Act 1935
This was the longest and last constitutional measure introduced by British India. It was the result of multiple round table conferences and a report by the Simon Commission.
Bicameralism was introduced in 6 Provinces (Bengal, Bombay, Madras, Assam, Bihar, United Provinces) out of 11 provinces.
The Legislature in the provinces were enlarged.
As per the Act, the powers were divided into Federal List, Provincial List and Concurrent List.
Provincial autonomy was introduced in the Provinces by abolishing the Dyarchy.
There was provision for the adoption of Dyarchy at the Centre.
Provided provisions for establishing Federal Court, Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
There was provision for the establishment of All India Federation consisting of Provinces and the Princely States as units.
Due to the length of Government of India Act 1935, it was divided into 2 separate Acts.
Explanation:
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