Question

Discuss the harmful effeWrite the hormone released and its function in the
following glands:-
(i) Pituitary gland
(ii) Thyroid gland
(iii) Pancreas iv) Adrenal glandcts of poor nutrition in
adolescents.

Answer 1

Answer:

The pituitary gland is called the 'master gland' as the hormones it produces control so many different processes in the body. It senses the body's needs and sends signals to different organs and glands throughout the body to regulate their function and maintain an appropriate environment.

Answer 2

Answer:

I) Pituitary gland:- pituitary gland is known as master gland of the body. It is a pea sized gland located in a bony cavity called sella tursica and is attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk called infundibulum. It is divided into anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary.

Hormones secreted from anterior pituitary are:-

• Growth hormone :- stimulates growth of body. oversecretion leads to gigantism and under secretion leads to dwarfism
• prolactin hormone :- stimualtes formation of milk in mammary glands
• thyroid stimulating hormone:- stimualtes the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones
• adrenocorticotropic hormone:- stimulates the synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoid
• luteinizing hormone :- in males induces the release of androgens from testes and in females induces the ovulation.
• follicular stimulating hormone:- in males regulates spermatogenesis and in females growth of ovarian follicles
• melanocyte stimulating hormone :- regulates the pigmentation of skin

Hormones are stored in posterior pituitary, these are secreted by hypothalamus:-

• Vasopressin or Anti diuretic hormone :- helps in water reabsorption from kidney
• oxytocin :- acts on smooth muscles and stimulate their contraction

ii) Thyroid gland:- it is a butterfly shaped organ located on either side of trachea.

the hormones released are:-

Thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine :- it helps in regulation of basal metabolic rate,supports red blood cell formation and also regulates blood calcium levels via releasing a protein hormone called thyrocalcitonin.

iii) Pancreas :- is a mixed gland containing exocrine and endocrine part.

Endocrine part has islets of Langerhans that contains three types of cells which secrete hormones

Alpha cells secrete glucagon

Glucagon:- it helps in increasing the blood sugar level and is also called hyperglycemic hormone

Beta cells secrete insulin

Insulin:- it helps in decreasing the blood sugar levels and is also called hypoglycemic hormone

Delta cells secrete somatostatin which maintains the level of insulin and glucagon.

iv) Adrenal glands :- it is present as a cap over the kidney and has two parts

adrenal cortex releases many hormones called as corticoids

corticoids that are involved in carbohydrate metabolism are called glucocorticoid. Cortisol is main glucocorticoid.

corticoids that are involved in water electrolyte balance are called mineralocorticoid . Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid

Adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline which is an emergency hormone involved in flight or fight situation.