Question

Discuss the main features of the political condition of india in the 18th century

Answer 1

States that were old Mughal provinces like Awadh, Bengal, and Hyderabad. Although extremely powerful and quite independent, the rulers of these states did not break their formal ties with the Mughal emperor.

States that had enjoyed considerable independence under the Mughals as watan jagirs. These included several Rajput principalities.

States under the control of Marathas, Sikhs and others like the Jats. They all had seized their independence from the Mughals after a long-drawn armed struggle.

Hyderabad

Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah, the founder of Hyderabad state, was appointed by Mughal Emperor Farrukh Siyar.

He was entrusted first with the governorship of Awadh, and later given charge of the Deccan.

He ruled quite independently without seeking any direction from Delhi or facing any interference.

The state of Hyderabad was constantly engaged in a struggle against the Marathas to the west and with independent Telugu warrior chiefs (nayakas)

Awadh

Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa‘adat Khan was appointed subadar of Awadh in 1722.

Awadh was a prosperous region, controlling the rich alluvial Ganga plain and the main trade route between north India and Bengal.

Burhan-ul-Mulk held the combined offices of subadari, diwani and faujdari.

Burhan-ul-Mulk tried to decrease Mughal influence in the Awadh region by reducing the number of office holders (jagirdars) appointed by the Mughals.

The state depended on local bankers and mahajans for loans.

It sold the right to collect the tax to the highest bidders. These “revenue farmers” (ijaradars) agreed to pay the state a fixed sum of money. So they were also given considerable freedom in the assessment and collection of taxes.

These developments allowed new social groups, like moneylenders and bankers, to influence the management of the state’s revenue system, something which had not occurred in the past.

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