Question

discuss various types of surveying based on purpose​

Answer 1

Answer:

Classification based upon nature of field:

There are three types of surveying based upon the nature of field which are as follows:

Land Surveying: It can be further classified as i) Topographical survey ii) Cadastrial Survey and iii) City Survey. It generally deals with natural or artificial features on land such as rivers, streams, lakes, wood, hills, roads, railways, canals, towns, water supply systems, buildings & properties etc.

Marine Surveying: Marine or hydrographic survey deals with bodies of water for purpose of navigation, water supply, harbour works or for determination of mean sea level. The work consists in measurement of discharge of streams, making topographic survey of shores and banks, taking and locating soundings to determine the depth of water and observing the fluctutations of the ocean tide.

Astronomical Surveying: The astronomical survey offers the surveyor means of determining the absolute location of any point or the absolute location of and direction of any line on the surface of the earth. This consists in observations to the heavenly bodies such as the sun or any fixed star.

Classification based on object:

Based on object, there are four types of surveying which are as follows:

Geological Surveying

Mine Surveying

Archaeological surveying

Military surveying

Classification based on instruments used:

Based on various types of instruments used, surveying can be classified into six types.

Chain surveying

Compass surveying

Plane table surveying

Theodolite surveying

Tacheometric surveying

Photographic surveying

Classification based on methods used:

Based on methods adopted, surveying can be categorized into:

Triangulation surveying

Traverse surveying

Explanation:

Answer 2

Answer:

Surveying has been classified into:

• Control surveying : To establish horizontal and vertical positions of control points.

• Land surveying : To determine the boundaries and areas of parcels of land, also known as property survey, boundary survey or cadastral survey.

• Topographic survey : To prepare a plan/ map of a region which includes natural as well as and man-made features including elevation.

• Engineering survey : To collect requisite data for planning, design and execution of engineering projects. Three broad steps are

1) Reconnaissance survey : To explore site conditions and availability of infrastructures.

2) Preliminary survey : To collect adequate data to prepare plan / map of area to be used for planning and design.

3) Location survey : To set out work on the ground for actual construction / execution of the project.

• Route survey : To plan, design, and laying out of route such as highways, railways, canals, pipelines, and other linear projects.

• Construction surveys : Surveys which are required for establishment of points, lines, grades, and for staking out engineering works (after the plans have been prepared and the structural design has been done).

• Astronomic surveys : To determine the latitude, longitude (of the observation station) and azimuth (of a line through observation station) from astronomical observation.

• Mine surveys : To carry out surveying specific for opencast and underground mining purposes.