Dispersal of seeds through explosive mechanism occurs in?
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Understanding the origin and evolution of complex traits is a major goal in biology. Here, we addressed how cellular novelties translate to trait innovation in the context of explosive seed dispersal. We followed a comparative approach by studying seed dispersal in the Arabidopsis thaliana relative, Cardamine hirsuta . This plant is a widespread, ruderal species that uses explosive seed dispersal to successfully colonize disturbed habitats. We recently presented a mathematical model that explains the mechanism of explosive dispersal in C. hirsuta (Hofhuis et al ., 2016). Here, we review the cellular innovations for the storage and rapid release of energy that underpin the evolution of this trait. The mechanism that we proposed for establishing pre‐tension in the fruit depends on a particular cell shape in the exocarp layer. We analyze the phylogenetic distribution of exocarp cell shape in Cardamine species with explosive fruit, and other species in the Brassicaceae with nonexplosive fruit. We conclude that this was an enabling character for the origin of explosive seed dispersal, while a second character gain – asymmetric lignification of the endocarp b cell layer – was a driving character.
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