Distinguish between a test cross and a reciprocal cross
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Test Cross
This type of genetic cross was first conducted by Gregor Mendel in his experiments with pea plants, and it involved the crossing or mating of an individual with an unknown genotype, displaying a dominant phenotype with another individual who had a homozygous recessive phenotype and genotype. The characteristics of the progeny produced from such a breeding would help in determining the zygosity of the parent with respect to a particular gene or trait. Zygosity refers to the similarity between the various alleles of the same gene, and an organism can be heterozygous (dissimilar alleles) or homozygous (identical alleles) for a given gene.
In simple genetic inheritance, any allele for a gene is either dominant or recessive. The presence of even a single dominant allele results in a dominant phenotype, i.e., the dominant characteristic of the gene is displayed when the organism is either homozygous or heterozygous. In comparison, the recessive allele requires a homozygous genotype in order to express the features associated with it. Hence, it can be concluded that a recessive phenotype is always due to a homozygous genotype, but a dominant phenotype may be due to either a homozygous or a heterozygous genotype.
This conclusion is the rationale behind conducting a test cross. The progeny produced from a test-crossed individual is examined, and the pattern of phenotype displayed by the progeny helps determine the genotype of that individual.
Reciprocal Cross
This type of genetic crossing was observed and developed in conjugation with genetic studies in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). Its purpose is to observe the effect of parental sex on the inheritance of a trait, i.e., if a trait is sex-linked or not. For such a breeding experiment, the individuals to be crossed must be true breeding (homozygous). The setup includes two sets of breeding, in one case, a male exhibiting the trait of interest is mated with a female that does not exhibit that trait, and in the other set, a female exhibiting the trait is crossed with a male lacking that trait. Since the individuals are homozygous, there is no dominance-related interference in the inheritance, and the interchanging of the genders ensures a confirmatory result if the trait is in fact sex-linked.
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hope it helps u❤️❤️
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Test Cross
This type of genetic cross was first conducted by Gregor Mendel in his experiments with pea plants, and it involved the crossing or mating of an individual with an unknown genotype, displaying a dominant phenotype with another individual who had a homozygous recessive phenotype and genotype. The characteristics of the progeny produced from such a breeding would help in determining the zygosity of the parent with respect to a particular gene or trait. Zygosity refers to the similarity between the various alleles of the same gene, and an organism can be heterozygous (dissimilar alleles) or homozygous (identical alleles) for a given gene.
In simple genetic inheritance, any allele for a gene is either dominant or recessive. The presence of even a single dominant allele results in a dominant phenotype, i.e., the dominant characteristic of the gene is displayed when the organism is either homozygous or heterozygous. In comparison, the recessive allele requires a homozygous genotype in order to express the features associated with it. Hence, it can be concluded that a recessive phenotype is always due to a homozygous genotype, but a dominant phenotype may be due to either a homozygous or a heterozygous genotype.
This conclusion is the rationale behind conducting a test cross. The progeny produced from a test-crossed individual is examined, and the pattern of phenotype displayed by the progeny helps determine the genotype of that individual.
Reciprocal Cross
This type of genetic crossing was observed and developed in conjugation with genetic studies in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). Its purpose is to observe the effect of parental sex on the inheritance of a trait, i.e., if a trait is sex-linked or not. For such a breeding experiment, the individuals to be crossed must be true breeding (homozygous). The setup includes two sets of breeding, in one case, a male exhibiting the trait of interest is mated with a female that does not exhibit that trait, and in the other set, a female exhibiting the trait is crossed with a male lacking that trait. Since the individuals are homozygous, there is no dominance-related interference in the inheritance, and the interchanging of the genders ensures a confirmatory result if the trait is in fact sex-linked.
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hope it helps u❤️❤️
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