Distinguish between effect and electromeric effect .
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An inductive effect is transmitted through the σ bonds; an electromeric effect is transmitted through π electrons. Explanation: ... The electromeric effect is an intramolecular movement of electrons from a pi bond to another atom in the molecule due to attack by a reagent. It is temporary and reversible
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Inductive Effect:
The inductive effect is the effect the charge of a chemical bond has on the orientation of the adjacent bonds in a molecule. In other words, inductive effect is the effect of transmission of charge through a chain of atoms in a molecule. Therefore, inductive effect is a distance-dependent phenomenon. The inductive effect in a molecule creates a permanent dipole in chemical bonds. The inductive effect of molecules causes an induced polarity.
When two atoms with different electronegativity values form a chemical bond (a sigma bond), the electron density between these atoms is not uniform. This happens since more electrons are attracted by the atom with a higher electronegativity. Then this atom gets a partial negative charge compared to the less electronegative atom. The low electronegative atom gets a partial positive charge.
If an electronegative atom is attached to a chain of atoms, the other atoms of the chain get a positive charge while this atom gets a negative charge. It is an electron-withdrawing inductive effect denoted as “-I Effect.” In contrast, some atoms or groups of atoms are less electron-withdrawing. Hence, the inductive effect resulted by these chemical species is known as an electron-releasing inductive effect denoted by “+I Effect.”
Electromeric Effect:
Electromeric effect is the complete transfer of pi electrons in a molecule in the presence of an attacking agent. Therefore, it is a polarizability effect. The electron transfer is intramolecular (occur within the molecule). The electromeric effect can be observed in the molecules containing multiple bonds.
Electromeric effect occurs when a molecule having multiple bonds is exposed to an attacking agent such as a proton (H+). This effect is a temporary effect, but it remains until the attacking agent is removed. The effect causes one pi electron pair to be transferred completely from an atom to another atom. It creates a temporary polarization, and the attacking agent is also attached to the molecule. There are two forms of electromeric effects;
Positive electromeric effect (+E Effect)
Negative electromeric effect (-E Effect)
Key Difference Between Inductive Effect and Electromeric Effect
Figure 02: Positive electromeric effect (+E Effect) and Negative electromeric effect (-E Effect)
The positive electromeric effect results when the pi electron pair is transferred to the atom to which the attacking agent is attached. In contrast, the negative electromeric effect is a result of the transfer of the pi electron pair to the atoms to which the attacking agent is not attached.
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The inductive effect is the effect the charge of a chemical bond has on the orientation of the adjacent bonds in a molecule. In other words, inductive effect is the effect of transmission of charge through a chain of atoms in a molecule. Therefore, inductive effect is a distance-dependent phenomenon. The inductive effect in a molecule creates a permanent dipole in chemical bonds. The inductive effect of molecules causes an induced polarity.
When two atoms with different electronegativity values form a chemical bond (a sigma bond), the electron density between these atoms is not uniform. This happens since more electrons are attracted by the atom with a higher electronegativity. Then this atom gets a partial negative charge compared to the less electronegative atom. The low electronegative atom gets a partial positive charge.
If an electronegative atom is attached to a chain of atoms, the other atoms of the chain get a positive charge while this atom gets a negative charge. It is an electron-withdrawing inductive effect denoted as “-I Effect.” In contrast, some atoms or groups of atoms are less electron-withdrawing. Hence, the inductive effect resulted by these chemical species is known as an electron-releasing inductive effect denoted by “+I Effect.”
Electromeric Effect:
Electromeric effect is the complete transfer of pi electrons in a molecule in the presence of an attacking agent. Therefore, it is a polarizability effect. The electron transfer is intramolecular (occur within the molecule). The electromeric effect can be observed in the molecules containing multiple bonds.
Electromeric effect occurs when a molecule having multiple bonds is exposed to an attacking agent such as a proton (H+). This effect is a temporary effect, but it remains until the attacking agent is removed. The effect causes one pi electron pair to be transferred completely from an atom to another atom. It creates a temporary polarization, and the attacking agent is also attached to the molecule. There are two forms of electromeric effects;
Positive electromeric effect (+E Effect)
Negative electromeric effect (-E Effect)
Key Difference Between Inductive Effect and Electromeric Effect
Figure 02: Positive electromeric effect (+E Effect) and Negative electromeric effect (-E Effect)
The positive electromeric effect results when the pi electron pair is transferred to the atom to which the attacking agent is attached. In contrast, the negative electromeric effect is a result of the transfer of the pi electron pair to the atoms to which the attacking agent is not attached.
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