Distinguish between esterification and saponification reactions with the help of the chemical equations for each. State one use of each (i) esters, and (ii) saponification process.
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esterfication reaction: when an organic acid reacts with an alcohol in the presence of acid catalyst, it produces a sweet smelling substance called ester. this reaction is called esterfication reaction, e.g.,
CH3COOH + C2H50H ---------> CH3COOC2H5 +H2O
Saponification: ester reacts in the presence of an acid or a base to give back the alcohol and the carboxylic acid. this reaction is known as saponification because it is used in the preparation of soap.
CH3COOC2H5 -----------> CH3COOH + C2H5OH
Uses of esters
There are various uses of esters.
1. Esters that are have fragrant odours are used as a constituent of perfumes, essential oils, food flavourings, cosmetics, etc
2. Esters are used as an organic solvent
3. Natural esters are found in pheromones
4. Naturally occurring fats and oils are fatty acid esters of glycerol
5. Phospoesters form the backbone of DNA molecules
6. Nitrate esters, such as nitroglycerin, are known for their explosive properties
7. Polyesters are used to make plastics
8. Esters are used to make surfactants E.g. soap, detergents
Saponification is a process that producessoap, usually from fats and lye.
Vegetable oils and animal fats are the main materials that are saponified. These greasy materials, triesters calledtriglycerides, are mixtures derived from diverse fatty acids. Triglycerides can be converted to soap in either a one- or a two-step process. In the traditional one-step process, the triglyceride is treated with a strong base (e.g., lye), which accelerates cleavage of the ester bond and releasesfatty acid salts and glycerol. This process is the main industrial method for producing glycerol. The free fatty acids without the glycerol are used to form the soap. If necessary, soaps may beprecipitated by salting it out withsaturated sodium chloride. Thesaponification value is the amount of base required to saponify a fat sample. For soap making, the triglycerides are highly purified, but saponification includes other base hydrolysis of unpurified triglycerides, for example, the conversion of the fat of a corpse into adipocere, often called "grave wax". This process is more common where the amount of fatty tissue is high and the agents ofdecomposition are absent or only minutely present.
CH3COOH + C2H50H ---------> CH3COOC2H5 +H2O
Saponification: ester reacts in the presence of an acid or a base to give back the alcohol and the carboxylic acid. this reaction is known as saponification because it is used in the preparation of soap.
CH3COOC2H5 -----------> CH3COOH + C2H5OH
Uses of esters
There are various uses of esters.
1. Esters that are have fragrant odours are used as a constituent of perfumes, essential oils, food flavourings, cosmetics, etc
2. Esters are used as an organic solvent
3. Natural esters are found in pheromones
4. Naturally occurring fats and oils are fatty acid esters of glycerol
5. Phospoesters form the backbone of DNA molecules
6. Nitrate esters, such as nitroglycerin, are known for their explosive properties
7. Polyesters are used to make plastics
8. Esters are used to make surfactants E.g. soap, detergents
Saponification is a process that producessoap, usually from fats and lye.
Vegetable oils and animal fats are the main materials that are saponified. These greasy materials, triesters calledtriglycerides, are mixtures derived from diverse fatty acids. Triglycerides can be converted to soap in either a one- or a two-step process. In the traditional one-step process, the triglyceride is treated with a strong base (e.g., lye), which accelerates cleavage of the ester bond and releasesfatty acid salts and glycerol. This process is the main industrial method for producing glycerol. The free fatty acids without the glycerol are used to form the soap. If necessary, soaps may beprecipitated by salting it out withsaturated sodium chloride. Thesaponification value is the amount of base required to saponify a fat sample. For soap making, the triglycerides are highly purified, but saponification includes other base hydrolysis of unpurified triglycerides, for example, the conversion of the fat of a corpse into adipocere, often called "grave wax". This process is more common where the amount of fatty tissue is high and the agents ofdecomposition are absent or only minutely present.
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