Question

during which phase of the cell cycle does each chromosome consists of two chromatids

Answer 1

During the S phase, DNA is synthesized to make two identical copies; each chromosome replicates to make a paired chromatid. These chromatids are joined by a protein link called a kinetochore which holds the pair together until mitosis
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Answer 2

Within your body, cells continually reproduce to make new cells that will replace old ones. During this replication, a single cell splits in two, dividing in half the mother cell's contents, such as cytoplasm and the cell membrane, into two daughter cells. The dividing mother cell must also provide both daughter cells with a full set of chromosomes, not half a set. To do this, the mother cell must duplicate its chromosomes before cellular division. This duplication is done during the S phase of the cell cycle.