Effect of an earthquake on urbanised areas
Answers
Explanation:
Earthquake is one of the most devastating natural calamities which causes sudden shaking of the earth surface. It not only causes damage to buildings and other structures but also affects the surrounding environment and our lifestyle significantly. An earthquake can trigger many sudden changes in the environment which can be classified as primary (e.g. subsidence, surface faulting) and secondary effects (displaced rocks, tsunami, ground cracks, liquefactions, landslides). These effects are known as earthquake environmental effects (EEE). The scales which use these effects of an earthquake as a parameter for assessment are known as Earthquake Intensity Scales. These scales quantify an earthquake based on the observed effects on the surroundings. All such scales come along with different guidelines and parameters. In this paper, a review has been made on the different parameters of EEE like ground cracking, liquefaction, landslides etc. and use of three different XII degree intensity scales (ESI 2007, EMS-98 and MM) for the assessment of an earthquake. A comparison of the use of these scales in different earthquakes has also been made. The ESI 2007 focusses more extensively on ground damages than EMS-98 and MM but it is only effective for sparsely populated areas. In case of areas having considerable human population and manmade structures, use of EMS-98 and MM can be preferred over ESI 2007.
Answer:
The worst damage occurs in densely populated urban areas where structures are not built to withstand intense shaking. Many structures such as buildings, bridges, telephone poles collapse and a huge number of people lose their lives. There, surface waves can produce destructive vibrations in buildings and break water and gas lines, starting uncontrollable fires.
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