effective nuclear charge of gallium
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Effective nuclear charge diagram
The effective nuclear charge (often symbolized as {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {eff} }} or {\displaystyle Z^{\ast }}) is the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a polyelectronic atom. The term "effective" is used because the shielding effect of negatively charged electrons prevents higher orbital electrons from experiencing the full nuclear charge of the nucleus due to the repelling effect of inner-layer electrons. The effective nuclear charge experienced by the electron is also called the core charge. It is possible to determine the strength of the nuclear charge by the oxidation number of
Answer:
Effective nuclear charge – the attractive positive charge of nuclear protons acting on valence electrons. The effective nuclear charge is always less than the total number of protons present in a nucleus due to shielding effect. Effective nuclear charge is behind all other periodic table tendencies.