electroststics all formulas
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In these formulas, the unit of electric charge is amp seconds (ampsec, which is also called “coulomb”); its symbol is Q. One ampsec is the charge of 6.25×1018electrons or protons (ions). An amp is 6.25×1018 electrons/sec. Force is expressed in grams (technically gramweights). Lengths are in cm (although the recommended distance between sensor and sample is 1″ or 2.5 cm). Time is in seconds (sec).
Basic measurements made with a surface voltmeter: The term Vdisplayed refers to the number displayed on a surface voltmeter (electrostatic voltmeter). When the meter is held at the specified distance from a large sheet of metal (provided the sheet diameter is greater than 5x the specified distance), Vdisplayed is the voltage of that sheet, with respect to earth ground, in units of volts. For example, when using the handheld Surface DC Voltmeter Model SVM2 with the sensor disc 2.5 cm from the center of a metal sheet, a reading of “9.400” (kV) means that the sheet is at +9400 volts with respect to ground. If the sensor is brought closer, Vdisplayedwill be higher than the actual voltage. (If the measurement distance is other than 1 inch, or if the sample surface is small, formulas are given below to correct the reading.)
The surface “voltage” of an electrostatically-charged insulator can also be measured in the same way. However, insulators behave differently from metals (conductors). When a surface voltmeter or any grounded object is brought close to a charged insulator, the proximity will reduce the voltage of the insulator’s surface in that region. The voltage is approximately proportional to the distance between the grounded object and the insulator’s surface, multiplied by Q/A (the amount of charge per cm2 on the surface). In addition, the voltage varies from place to place across an insulator. (Compare this to the voltage of a metal sheet, which is always the same everywhere on the sheet.) For this reason, the “voltage” of an insulator is poorly-defined, Instead, either the total charge Q or the charge per unit area Q/A on the surface is usually the parameter measured on a charged insulator. If the SVM2 surface voltmeter’s sensor is held near an insulator with a uniform charge per area (Q/A), then Q/A = Vdisplayed x 3.6×10-14 (in ampsec/cm2), and the average voltage of the surface directly under the sensor is Vsurface = Vdisplayed x L/2.5 cm. However, the voltage is generally higher at other points on the surface, and the voltage will increase once the surface voltmeter is taken away. “L” is the distance between the sensor and the surface.
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