Question

Elucidate the phases of urbanization.

Answer 1

Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban residency, the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, and the ways in which each society adapts to this change. It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people begin living and working in central areas. Although the two concepts are sometimes used interchangeably, urbanization should be distinguished from urban growth: urbanization is "the proportion of the total national population living in areas classed as urban", while urban growth refers to "the absolute number of people living in areas classed as urban". The United Nationsprojected that half of the world's populationwould live in urban areas at the end of 2008.It is predicted that by 2050 about 64% of the developing world and 86% of the developed world will be urbanized.That is equivalent to approximately 3 billion urbanites by 2050, much of which will occur in Africa and Asia.Notably, the United Nations has also recently projected that nearly all global population growth from 2017 to 2030 will be absorbed by cities, about 1.1 billion new urbanites over the next 13 years.

Urbanization is relevant to a range of disciplines, including urban planning, geography, sociology, economics, and public health. The phenomenon has been closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization.Urbanization can be seen as a specific condition at a set time (e.g., the proportion of total population or area in cities or towns), or as an increase in that condition over time. So urbanization can be quantified either in terms of, say, the level of urban development relative to the overall population, or as the rate at which the urban proportion of the population is increasing. Urbanization creates enormous social, economic and environmental changes, which provide an opportunity for sustainability with the “potential to use resources more efficiently, to create more sustainable land use and to protect the biodiversity of natural ecosystems.”

Urbanization is not merely a modern phenomenon, but a rapid and historic transformation of human social roots on a global scale, whereby predominantly rural culture is being rapidly replaced by predominantly urban culture. The first major change in settlement patterns was the accumulation of hunter-gatherers into villages many thousand years ago. Village culture is characterized by common bloodlines, intimate relationships, and communal behavior, whereas urban culture is characterized by distant bloodlines, unfamiliar relations, and competitive behavior. This unprecedented movement of people is forecast to continue and intensify during the next few decades, mushrooming cities to sizes unthinkable only a century ago. As a result, the world urban population growth curve has up till recently followed a quadratic-hyperbolic pattern.

Today, in Asia the urban agglomerations of Osaka, Karachi, Jakarta, Mumbai, Shanghai, Manila, Seoul and Beijing are each already home to over 20 million people, while Delhiand Tokyo are forecast to approach or exceed 40 million people[when?]. Cities such as Tehran, Istanbul, Mexico City, São Paulo, London, New York City, Lagos and Cairo are, or soon will be, home to over 10 million people each.


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Answer 2

The different phases of urbanization can be chronologically arranged as follows:

1. Pre-industrial cities: These indicate regions which were occupied by early civilizations and were areas abundant with natural resources need for sustenance of life. These regions lacked distinct residential and commercial areas as most of the people worked from their homes. E.g. Rural areas

2. Industrial cities: After the Industrialization age, certain areas were abundant with industries and a lot of people migrated to these places in search of better job opportunities. The population was very diverse and peaked over time in these cities. E.g. Kollam

3. Metropolis: With the spread of the industrial cities, metropolises were formed. Metropolises were responsible for the towns and suburbs surrounding it and provided aid to those areas when in need. The population was also spread out to these suburbs to reduce the burden on the main industrial cities. E.g. Chennai

4. Megalopolis: As more and more suburbs are added to a metropolis, megalopolis is formed. These are areas completely urbanized for several regions. E.g. Washington D.C.