essay on non cooperation movement in two pages
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Answer:
The movement of Non-cooperation was launched on 4 September 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi with the aim of self-governance and obtaining full independence (Purna Swaraj) as the Indian National Congress (INC) withdrew its support for British reforms following the Rowlatt Act of 18 March 1919, and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 13 April 1919.
The Rowlatt Act of March 1919, which suspended the rights of political prisoners in sedition trials,[1] was seen as a "political awakening" by Indians and as a "threat" by the British. Although it was never invoked and declared void just a few years later, the act motivated Gandhi to conceive the idea of satyagraha (truth), which he saw as synonymous with independence. This idea was also authorised the following month by Jawaharlal Nehru, for who the massacre also endorsed “the conviction that nothing short of independence was acceptable”.
Gandhi's planning of the non-cooperation movement included persuading all Indians to withdraw their labour from any activity that "sustained the British government and economy in India", including British industries and educational institutions. In addition to promoting “self-reliance” by spinning khadi, buying Indian-made goods only and boycotting British goods, Gandhi's non-cooperation movement called for the restoration of the Khilafat (Khilafat movement) in Turkey and the end to untouchability. This result in public held meetings and strikes (hartals) led to the first arrests of both Jawaharlal Nehru sahibb and his father, Motilal Nehru, on 6 December 1921.
It was one of the movements for Indian independence from British rule and ended, as Nehru described in his autobiography, "suddenly" on 4 February 1922 after the Chauri Chaura incident. Subsequent independence movements were the Civil Disobedience Movement and the Quit India Movement.
Through non-violent means or Ahinsa, protesters would refuse to buy British goods, adopt the use of local handicrafts and picket liquor shops.
Explanation:
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INTRODUCTION
The ‘Indian Experiment’ or ‘Non Cooperation Movement’ of 1920-22 was undertaken by Indian National Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. Mahatma Gandhi believed that the Government of India functioned on the basis of cooperation of Indians. Moreover it was the duty of government to pay heed to the demands of the people.
But when the government refuses to do so then Indians have right to withdraw that cooperation and in the absence of such cooperation, the government is bound to fall. This movement was responsible for bringing Gandhi within the folds of Congress and also for bringing Congress to national platform.
REASONS
Every segment of Indian society was itching due to the following reasons:
ROWLATT ACT:- According to this Act, the government had right to detente without trail for a maximum period of 2 years. One could not appeal against the orders of court. Thus it outraged the Indians for their freedom was at stake.
JALLIANWALLA BAGH MASSACRE (1919):-A crowd of young and old had gathered for a fair at Jallainwalla Bagh on April 13, 1919. General Dyer took the gathering as a sign of opposition and ordered firing. As a result, hundred were killed. This outraged the whole country against the British.
MARTIAL LAW:-British government witnessed oppositions against her particularly in Punjab and implemented martial law. Indians were further outraged.
NEGLECT OF KHILAFAT COMMITTEE:-British government neglected the demands of Khilafat Committee which made Indian Muslims angry over the British government.
RISING PRICES:-High prices of commodities, droughts and epidemics were some other reasons which were responsible for the uprising of Non-cooperation Movement.
LAUNCH
The Non-cooperation Movement was launched formally on August 1, 1920, the day on which Lokmanya Tilak breathed his last.
MAIN AIMS
The programme of the Non-cooperation Movement had two main aspects
CONSTRUCTIVE PROGRAMMES
The nationalisation of education.
The promotion of indigenous goods.
The popularisation of Charkha and
Enrolment of voluntary corps.
DESTRUCTIVE PROGRAMMES
•Boycott of law courts.
•Boycott of educational institutions.
•Boycott of election to the legislatures.
•Boycott of official functions.
•Boycott of British goods as well as surrender of honours and titles conferred by British.
•Refusal of military recruitments.
EVENTS
WITHDRAWAL OF THE MOVEMENT
Following reasons forced Gandhi to withdraw the Non-cooperation Movement.
An encounter took place at Chauri Chaura in Bihar on 5th February 1922 A.D. before the beginning of Civil Disobedience Movement between the Satyagrahis and the police.
When the police opened fire on the mob and killed some persons, the angry mob set the police station on fire. As a result 22 policemen were burnt alive. Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the movement.
He felt that the movement was turning violent in many places and this was against his non-violence principles.
Within the Congress, some leaders were tired of mass struggles and they now wanted to participate in elections.
ACHIEVEMENTS
•There was a progress in the development of communal harmony between Hindus and Muslims.
•A lot of national institutions were established throughout the country e.g. Jamia Milia Islamia, Bengal National University etc.
•Swadeshi concept became a household world.
•Tilak Swaraj Fund was established.
•Hartals were organised at the arrival of Prince of Wales in 1921 A.D. etc.
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