Question

essay on soil conversation.. ( with full process)​

Answer 1

Answer:

In India about 81 m. million hectare lands out of total geographical area of 326.8 m.hectares are affected by erosion problem. In other terms “out of net cultivated area of 185.8 m ha, 56.7 m ha lands are suffering from erosion either due to water or wind. Out of these about 40 mha lands are badly affected and need immediate control measures.

The dominating factors which are responsible for producing the problems of soil erosion in India, are the excessive deforestation, overgrazing, faulty agricultural practices and occurrence of flood.

In order to maximize the extent of net cultivable area, the importance is now given to the soil conser­vation work in the country. In the first five year plan, the urgency has been given for making the nationwide policy, dealing with various existing problems, which resulted into recognization of soil and water conservation work plan.

Explanation:

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Answer 2

Soil conservation includes all such measures which protect the soil from erosion and restore its fertility. These measures are of two types-(a) small measures to check soil erosion at local or even individual level, and (b) large measures at govern­ment level involving larger area and heavy invest­ment.

(a) Small Measures-These include afforesta­tion, regularised land strip cultivation or contour farming or terrace farming in hilly areas, use of stubble mulch system, increasing cohesiveness of the soils through artificial manures and fertilisers, gully plugging, restricting over grazing and shifting cultivation, erecting shelter belts and wind breaks to check wind velocity and wind erosion in arid and semi-arid areas, Fixing of sand dunes by planting trees and grasses, practicing alternate cultivation technique, popularising dry farming and adopting scientific crop rotation system.

(b) Large Measures-these include large projects and schemes undertaken by state and cen­tral government to check soil erosion and facilitate extensive reclamation. Following are some of the schemes worthy of mention here:

(i) Reclamation of Ravines and Badlands-

Massive large scale schemes are necessary for soil reclamation in ravines and badlands of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and Rajasthan. Sev­eral such schemes involving plugging of gully mouths, construction of bunds across the gullies, leveling of surface, a forestation, and restriction on over grazing are under implementation in these states. In Madhya Pradesh the World Bank has given an assistance of Rs. 300 million to reclaim about 1 lakh ha of ravine land.

(ii) Control of Floods-In India the problem of soil erosion is very much linked with the problem of floods and waterlogging. This is due to seasonal and heavy downpour of rainfall. If arrangement could be made for the storage and diversion of additional rain-water not only it would be an effective measure to control the floods but to utilise this water in drier yet to see the light of the day due to paucity of funds.

(iii) Afforestation-Afforestation is another effective measure to check the erosion of soil either through running water or through winds. Such trees can be planted along the roads, canals, river banks, bordering areas of the desert and in ravine and wasteland areas. A forestation programmes may be undertaken at local and community level and also on regional and national level.

Along with a forestation equally important is the restriction on the indiscrimi­nate cutting of trees. People’s awareness in the form of Chipko movement and use of cheap substitute for fuel wood and wood products may be effective steps in this direction.

(iv) Restoration of Long Fallows-the country has 95.5 lakh ha. of old fallows of which about 80 ( lakh ha lie in 8 states, namely, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

In 1982-83 a programme for restoration of long fallows was j launched in these 8 states which was later on ex­tended to 5 more states (Assam, Gujarat, Meghalaya, Orissa and West Bengal). On the basis of progress, reports about 9.66 lakh ha of fallows in these states were restored for productive purposes.

(v) Shifting Cultivation-a scheme to control shifting cultivation has been launched in seven north­eastern states of the country. This is a beneficiary oriented programme which aims at rehabilitating Jhumia tribal families with one hectare of terraced agricultural land and one hectare of horticulture and plantation crops.