evaluate in detail the detail the role of intellectual and economic revolution in establishment of sociology as a discipline ?
Answers
Explanation:
Sociology is the study of the lives of humans, groups and societies and how we interact. Dramatic social times occurred because of the massive changes in society that took place leading up to the modern world. The development of sociology as a discipline emerged in the 19th century in response to modernity. Problems that arose from modernity include industrialisation, urbanisation, rationalisation and bureaucratisation (Montagna, 2010). The difference between ‘traditional’ and ‘modern’ led to the term ‘modernity’ and the modern world of the 19th century was shaped by the Industrial Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution brought about massive changes in areas such as culture, industry, politics, technology, science and communication (Marshall, 1998). A ‘new world’ had formed and theorists needed to understand and explain how the effects of these changes impacted on society. The Industrial Revolution saw aristocratic and religious societies change to liberal and more science based societies (Marshall, 1998). The Industrial Revolution created dramatic changes in every part of social life. Machines were created which overtook manual labour. Factories and industrial towns were built and people left rural areas and their way of life to go to the cities for work. Canals and roads were built which made transportation easier and increased production of goods (The Industrial Economy, 2010). Capitalism grew with technological change as factory owners who controlled the means of production became wealthy. Changes in the political structure occurred due to the capitalists replacing agrarian land owners as leaders of the nation’s economy and power structure (The Industrial Economy, 2010). Technological advances were seen with the invention of electricity, which improved the production in factories and made life easier, and the railways and steam ships, which helped improve travel. All these changes would have been overwhelming as people went from their ‘old world’ of working the land and having satisfaction for the work they did to the ‘new world’ of mass populated, industrial areas where they sold their labour.
In the wake of industrialisation, some sociologists that argued for a system of understanding sociological change were; Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx and Max Weber. All had different theories but all contributed significantly to sociology as a discipline.
Sociology is relatively a new science.
As a discipline of academic interest, it is of recent origin. Though the roots of
sociological writings go back to the Greek and the Roman philosophy; it emerged as a
new discipline only in the first half of the 19th century, as a response to the crisis caused
by the French and the industrial revolutions. Earlier, History, Economics, Political
Science, and Philosophy attempted a study of various problems related to society. Later,
when man was confronted with complexities of social life, it became necessary to
establish a separate discipline for the study of society. The social, economic, political
and intellectual background of the 18th century Europe facilitated the emergence of
sociology. It emerged in European society corresponding to its socio-historical
background which had its origin in the Enlightenment period. This period embodied the
scientific, technological, intellectual and commercial revolutions in Europe on the one
hand; and the French revolution of 1789 on the other. The Enlightenment period
stretched from 14th to 18th century and had given rise to force of social change which
rocked the feudal monarchy and church in Europe. Similarly, the industrial revolution in
England brought about deep rooted changes in the nature of society and role of
individual in the society.
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