Examples of biocatalysts
Answers
Explanation:
Both enzymes and whole cells can be used to catalyse organic reactions, with the most general example of biocatalysis being the yeast-mediated transformation of sugars into alcohols, acids or gases. However, the most frequently employed group of biocatalysts is lipases.
Answer:
PLA1, Flavin-dependent hydroxylases .
Explanation: PLA1 is a biocatalyst that hydrolyzes PLs to form free fatty acids (FFA) at the sn-1 position and 1-lyso-PLs. Commercially available PLA1 (Novozymes A/S Bagsværd, Denmark), provided as aqueous solution, is from Thermomyces lanuginosus/Fusarium oxysporum or genetically modified Aspergillus oryzae. Six different entries for PLA1 with amino acid sequences and three-dimensional structure are contained in the PDB Homo sapiens (2) (Caceres et al., 2017; Pang et al., 2012), Staphylococcus hyicus (Tiesinga et al., 2007), Salmonella enterica (Perumal et al., 2016), Mus musculus (Golczak et al., 2015), and Streptomyces albidoflavus (Murayama et al., 2013). PLA1 structures differ from those of lipases.
Flavin-dependent hydroxylases are attractive biocatalysts in that they are simpler to apply than cytochrome P450s. Certainly studies of scaled-up reactions have illustrated that they can be applied at above 1-L scale for the generation of gram quantities of products. However their substrate range is more limited than those of P450s, and appears at this stage to be limited to activated aromatic nuclei. However, niche applications of these enzymes to certain synthetic problems could prove valuable, and certainly related flavoprotein monooxygenases also have great potential in, for example, asymmetric Baeyer–Villiger reactions and the epoxidations of alkenes.