exlplain the sexual reproduction in plants
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Answer:
Plant reproduction is the production of new offspring in plants, which can be accomplished by sexual or asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction produces offspring by the fusion of gametes, resulting in offspring genetically different from the parent or parents. Asexual reproduction produces new individuals without the fusion of gametes, genetically identical to the parent plants and each other, except when mutations occur.
In asexual reproduction male and female gametes do not fuse, as they do in sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction may occur through Binary Fission, budding, fragmentation, spore formation, Regeneration and vegetative propagation. Plants have two main types of asexual reproduction in which new plants are produced that are genetically identical clone of the parent individual. Vegetative reproduction involves a vegetative piece of the original plant (budding, tillering, etc.) and is distinguished from apomixis, which is a replacement of sexual reproduction, and in some cases involves seeds. Apomixis appears in many plant species and also in some non-plant organisms. For apomixis and similar processes in non-plant organisms, see parthenogenesis.
Natural vegetative reproduction is a process mostly found in herbaceous and woody perennial plants, and typically involves structural modifications of the stem or roots and in a few species leaves. Most plant species that employ vegetative reproduction do so as a means to perennialize the plants, allowing them to survive from one season to the next and often facilitating their expansion in size. A plant that persists in a location through vegetative reproduction of individuals constitutes a clonal colony; a single ramet, or apparent individual, of a clonal colony is genetically identical to all others in the same colony. The distance that a plant can move during vegetative reproduction is limited, though some plants can produce ramets from branching rhizomes or stolons that cover a wide area, often in only a few growing seasons. In a sense, this process is not one of reproduction but one of survival and expansion of biomass of the individual. When an individual organism increases in size via cell multiplication and remains intact, the process is called vegetative growth. However, in vegetative reproduction, the new plants that result are new individuals in almost every respect except genetic. A major disadvantage to vegetative reproduction, is the transmission of pathogens from parent to offspring; it is uncommon for pathogens to be transmitted from the plant to its seeds (in sexual reproduction or in apomixis), though there are occasions when it occurs.[1]
Seeds generated by apomixis are a means of asexual reproduction, involving the formation and dispersal of seeds that do not originate from the fertilization of the embryos. Hawkweed (Hieracium), dandelion (Taraxacum), some Citrus (Citrus) and Kentucky blue grass (Poa pratensis) all use this form of asexual reproduction. Pseudogamy occurs in some plants that have apomictic seeds, where pollination is often needed to initiate embryo growth, though the pollen contributes no genetic material to the developing offspring.[2] Other forms of apomixis occur in plants also, including the generation of a plantlet in replacement of a seed or the generation of bulbils instead of flowers, where new cloned individuals are produced. Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction where the offspring comes from one parent only, thus, inheriting the characteristics of the parent.
Explanation:
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Explanation:
Plants reproduce in a number of ways. The most primitive members of the plant kingdom, green algae, reproduce asexually (offspring only have one parent) by fission (splitting). Other plants can reproduce by the asexual process called fragmentation (breaking apart). The remainder of plants reproduce sexually (offspring with parents from each sex) by releasing gametes (reproductive cells). Male reproductive cells are called sperm and female reproductive cells are called eggs. Next we look at some of the different types
Spores
Spores are reproductive cells that are able to develop into a new individual without fusing with another cell (in contrast, seeds are formed when male and female gametes join together). The microscopic spore cell has everything it needs to grow into a multicellular plant, and under favorable conditions the cell will divide and grow. In plants, spores can be found on non-seed bearing plants including green algae, mosses and ferns. Often, the spores are located on the underside of the leaves and are carried to a new area by wind or rain. Spores, unlike seeds, are less likely to be eaten by animals, but they are at risk of being consumed by bacteria and fungi.
Flowers
Flowers are what make flowering plants flowering plants! Flowers provide the mechanisms for sperm to find eggs, thus leading to fertilization and development of seeds of reproductive organs used by plants.The outermost parts of the flower which typically surround the rest of the flower are green structures called sepals. Inside of the sepals are the petals, which are typically colourful. Petals on flowers are also modified leaves which serve a similar function as bracts. Next are the stamens, each of which contains a filament topped by pollen-producing cells. The innermost part of the flower is the carpel, which contains the ovary (where the eggs are located). The pollen from another flower must enter the ovary and fertilize the ovule in order for a seed to start developing.
Seeds
Seeds are embryonic (immature) plants that are enclosed in protective seed coats. Seeds often contain stored nutrients in the endosperm, which is rich in oil, starch and protein. Seeds can be dispersed (sent to new places) by wind (can be lighter or structured to be air-borne), by water (can float so they can drift down rivers) or by animals (can have barbs to catch on animal’s fur or can be eaten and dispersed through an animal's droppings). Seeds are a more evolutionarily advanced form of plant reproduction than spores and are present in both gymnosperms and angiosperms.
In gymnosperms the seeds are covered by the scales of cones, while in angiosperms the seed becomes covered with a fleshy or hard fruit.
Cones
Cones are the parts of conifers which contain reproductive structures. Female cones (A) produce ovules and male cones (B), which are much smaller and not as visible, produce pollen (which is visible as a yellowish powder). The ovule, once fertilized by pollen, becomes a seed. In most conifer species, the male and female cones appear on the same plant, with the female cones on higher branches and the male cones on lower branches. This is to improve cross-fertilization (being fertilized with the pollen of another plant) and avoid self-fertilization (being fertilized with its own pollen). The tiny, lightweight pollen of one conifer is more likely to be carried by the wind to female cones of a different conifer than upward into its own female cones.
Fruit
Fruit is the result of the maturation of one or many flowers, and is therefore only found in angiosperms. In cooking, a fruit is any sweet-tasting plant product. However in plant science (botany), a fruit is considered the ripened ovary of a seed-bearing plant which contains its seeds. In flowering plants, as a seed develops, its ovary begins to ripen and the ovary wall, called the pericarp, becomes fleshy (as in berries and apples) or forms a hard outer covering (as in nuts). Botanically, fruit also include beans, corn kernels, tomatoes, wheat grains, pumpkins, peanuts, cucumbers and rice!