Question

Explain: 1. Law of constant proportions
2. Law of multiple proportions
3. Law of reciprocal
with suitable examples

Answer 1

In chemistry, the law of definite proportion, sometimes called Proust's law or the law of definite composition, or law of constantcomposition states that a given chemical compound always contains its component elements in fixed ratio (by mass) and does not depend on its source and method of preparation






Law of multiple proportions, statement that when two elements combine with each other to form more than one compound, the weights of one element that combine with a fixed weight of the other are in a ratio of small whole numbers.





e law of reciprocal proportions was proposed by Jeremias Ritcher in 1792. It states that, "If two different elements combine separately with the same weight of a third element, the ratio of the masses in which they do so are either the same or a simple multiple of the mass ratio in which they combine.



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Answer 2

Law of Multiple Proportions Definition

When two elements combine to form two or more compounds, the ratio in which one of the elements combines with a fixed mass of the other is always simple.

"If an element combines with another element to produce two or more than two compounds, the weight of one which combines with the constant weight of the other, bears a simple ratio to one another."

For example Hydrogen and Oxygen combine to form water H2O and hydrogen peroxide H2O2. Two atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of oxygen in the case of water, while two atoms of hydrogen combine with two atoms of oxygen in the case of hydrogen peroxide. The ratio of oxygen atoms combining with a fixed number of hydrogen atoms in these two compounds is 1:2.

In terms of masses also, every 2.016 g of hydrogen ( g.at. mass of hydrogen is 1.008g) combines with 15.999 g of oxygen to form water and 31.998g of oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide. Hence the ratio is 15.999 : 31.998 or 1:2 which is a simple ratio.

Law of Multiple Proportions Examples

Below you could see examples

Solved Examples

Question 1: What is the ratio of copper and oxygen in cuprous oxide?
Solution:

Copper forms two oxides namely Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) and Cupric oxide (CuO). 

Atomic mass of copper is 63. 

In terms of oxygen 1 atom of oxygen combines with 2 atoms or 2 X 63 parts by mass of Copper in cuprous oxide and 1 atom of oxygen combines with 1 atom or 1X 63 parts by mass of copper in cupric oxide. 

Thus the ratio is 2:1 which is a simple ratio....








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