explain different methods of irrigation
Answers
Answer:
The three main methods of irrigation are surface, sprinkler and drip/micro.
Explanation:
Water flows over the soil by gravity for surface irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation applies water to soil by sprinkling or spraying water droplets from fixed or moving systems.
Answer:
Several methods of irrigation are used today depending on water availability
Furrow irrigation:
Furrow irrigation is actually a type of flood irrigation in which the water poured on the field is directed to flow through narrow channels dug between the rows of crops, instead of distributing the water throughout the whole field evenly. The furrows must all have equal dimensions, in order to guarantee that the water is distributed evenly. Like flood irrigation, furrow irrigation is rather cheap in areas where water is inexpensive.
Spray irrigation:
The more modern spray irrigation in all its various forms is a more expensive type of irrigation, requiring more complex machinery than flood irrigation, but it utilizes water more efficiently, reducing the amount of water needed to irrigate a field. That said, even more water is lost through evaporation in spray irrigation compared to flood irrigation and plant diseases due to excess moisture can occur at over watering.
In spray irrigation systems, a long hose is set to a water source on one side and on the side reaching the field, water is released through spray guns.
The center-pivot system is an efficient way to irrigate a large field with minimum machinery. This system is built of many triangular metal frames on wheels that hold the central hose above the field. The hose transports water from a pump at the center of the system and water is sprayed through sprinklers along the tube. The whole structure circulates the field spraying water, with the water source as the center of the circle. The disadvantages of this method, and other types of traditional spray irrigation, are the electric motors needed to help the system roll in a circle and the large amounts of water (about 35%) that evaporate or get blown away by winds before they even reach the ground.
The Low Energy Percision Application (LEPA) center pivot system is a more efficient irrigation method than the conventional center pivot system, boosting the irrigation efficiency from about 60% to more than 90%. This rise in effectiveness is also due to the decline in the electricity usage, but mostly because the water is applied directly onto the crops and not sprayed out into the air. This system also consists of a central hose, but instead of high power sprinklers, pipes hang from the central hose and attached to the bottom of each pipe, very close to the ground, is a nozzle that sprays water directly onto the crops. This way, less water is lost through evaporation compared to traditional spray irrigation- more than 90% of the water applied is used by the crop and less electricity is required.
Drip irrigation:
While drip irrigation may be the most expensive method of irrigation, it is also the most advanced and efficient method in respect to effective water use.
Usually used to irrigate fruits and vegetables, this system consists of perforated pipes that are placed by rows of crops or buried along their root lines and emit water directly onto the crops that need it. As a result, evaporation is drastically reduced and 25% irrigation water is conserved in comparison to flood irrigation. Drip irrigation also allows the grower to customize an irrigation program most beneficial to each crop.
Water high in salts should be filtered before use since otherwise they may clog the emitters and create a local buildup of high salinity soil around the plants if the irrigation water contains soluble salt
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